33 2 



A MANUAL OF VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY 



Fig. 102. — Crystals of Oxalate of 

 Lime (Funke). 



pended lime. This may be proved by the addition of an acid, 

 which causes profuse evolution of gas, and a clear, transparent 

 urine results. Simple as the point is to understand, it would 

 appear in practice that turbid urines in the herbivora are 

 regarded as pathological, and that the marked deposit which 

 follows every evacuation of urine is not compatible with a 



normal condition. The fact 

 is, that no healthy horse 

 passes anything but a tur- 

 bid urine, sometimes with 

 a considerable deposit, but 

 always with a deposit. It 

 may be seen in the stall, or 

 better still in the road, after 

 the urine has either soaked 

 in or partly dried, that a 

 fine yellow, Sandys-looking 

 deposit exists. The sand is 

 lime ; the yellow colour is 

 the pigment of the urine. 

 The remarkable thing is that 

 calculus in the horse is so 

 rare, considering the fact 

 that from the pelvis of the 

 kidney onward the urine has 

 far more mineral matter in 

 it than it can hold in solu- 

 tion. 



Magnesium in the urine 

 is also suspended and dis- 

 solved, the amount which is 

 suspended being increased 

 by the ammonia generated 

 in the urine on standing. 



Potassium exists largely 

 in the urine of herbivora, 

 derived from the potash of 

 the food ; it forms numerous 

 combinations, the one with 

 carbonic acid being the cause 

 of the fixed alkalinity of the urine in the horse. There is more 

 potash found in the urine of horses at rest than of those at 

 work, which is explained by the considerable amount of potas- 

 sium excreted with the sweat. Sodium only exists in the urine 

 of herbivora in relatively small quantities, which is due to the 

 fact that very little sodium is found in vegetable food. 



Fig. 103. 



-Crystals of Carbonate of 

 Lime (Funke). 



