INFLUENZA. 461 



portions of the body, and there is pale watery appearance of 

 the visible mucous membranes. Near the end, preceded by a 

 long agony, the animal presents a living skeleton. In all large 

 animals the eyes become affected (conjunctivitis, keratitis and 

 blindness may ensue). As long as the strength of the patient 

 keeps up, appetite is not destroyed. 



" Autopsy shows remarkable poverty of blood, muscles poor in 

 fat and oedematously infiltrated, oedema of breast, abdomen, neck 

 and back; lymphatic glands enlarged and softened. In abdomen 

 large quantities of straw-coloured fluid. Very often catarrh of the 

 mucous membrane of intestine. Dropsies into pericardium ; 

 petechial spots on peri- and endocardium. Bone marrow yellow, 

 gelatinous and full of haemorrhages. Collections of fluid in spinal 

 canal " (Theiler). 



'Bruce describes the 2^05^-7y^or^e/7z- appearances of nagana as 

 being nearly similar to those of surra. 



TREATMENT.— Bruce, following the procedure of Lingard, 

 found that arsenic (given in the food to the extent of 12 grains 

 daily, in the foiTii of liquor arsenicalis) arrested the progress of 

 the disease in a horse, and enabled the animal to continue at 

 work. 



Influenza {Fink-Eye). 



DEPTNITION. — Influenza is a specific and infectious fever which 

 shows a marked tendency to rapidly spread over large areas of 

 country. It generally appears suddenly, without preliminary symp- 

 toms, and may become fully developed in twenty-four hours (Fried- 

 berger and Frohner). In it, the usual symptoms are those of ca- 

 tarrh ; although chest, bowel, rheumatic, or brain complications 

 may be present, either singly or combined. It always gives rise to 

 gre.at debility. 



Influenza is also known as Distemper, Pink-Eye, American Horse 

 Disease, and Epizootic Catarrh. 



NATURE. — Although, up to the present, no specific microbe has 

 been positively demonstrated to exist in cases of equine influenza ; 

 the resemblance between this disease in horses and Ja grippe are 

 so numerous and close, that we have good grounds for accepting 

 as a fact, the supposition that the former is due to a micro-organism 

 nearly akin to the bacillus which Pfeiffer found in the phlegm of 

 persons suffering from the latter. The respective microbes — grant- 

 ing the truth of this theory — are not identical ; for the disease is 

 not communicable from the horse to man, or vice versa. Besides, 



