GLANDERS. 491 



the animal may die before this can take place. The eyes are gene- 

 rally weak and watery. 



SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE GLANDERS.— This form may be the 

 first to attack the horse, or it may be the termination of chronic 

 glanders or of farcy. More or less persistent shivering fits ; a 

 marked rise (often of 7° or 8° F.) in the internal temperature of 

 the body (normal, about 100° F.), and, consequently, more or 

 less fever, usher in the attack. The coat is dry and staring ; the 

 pulse frequent and weak ; the breathing hurried and painful ; 

 the animal rapidly loses " condition ; " and the mucous membrane 

 of the nose becomes filled with nodules and ulcers which run to- 

 gether and discharge pus. Symptoms of farcy, diarrhoea, and 

 swelling of the limbs and head may appear. " In general, acute 

 glanders runs a rapid course. Its constant termination is death, 

 which usually occurs in from three to fourteen days. Experimental 

 glanders as a rule assumes an acute type " (Friedherger and 

 Frohner). 



SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC GLANDERS.— The approach of this 

 form, is extremely insidious, there being, often, nothing to mark 

 it beyond a slight discharge from the nose, and the fact of one or 

 both of the submaxillary glands being hard and swollen ; and 

 no ulcers may be visible inside the nostrils. There may be even 

 no discharge or swelling of the glands at first ; or these symptoms 

 may appear and disappear from time to time. Also, there may be 

 swelling of one or both submaxillary glands without any dis- 

 charge from the nose. The coat becomes dry and tense (hide- 

 bound). The animal gets into a weak, unhealthy state, and will 

 sweat from comparatively slight exertion. Further than this, there 

 is little sign of constitutional disturbance. A horse may continue 

 in this state for many months ; but at last his general health 

 breaks up, or acute glanders sets in, and he dies. 



The discharge of chronic glanders is, at first, similar to that of 

 common cold, but soon assumes the appearance of boiled starch, 

 or white of eg^. It is sticky, and dries round the edge of the 

 nostrils. If there exist ulcers inside the nostrils, the discharge 

 will, naturally, become mixed with pus and blood. It usually 

 issues from only one nostril, which will be that of the affected side 

 — the left, as a rule — but may proceed from both. The mucous 

 membrane of the diseased nostril is pale, and of a grey or more 

 or less purple hue. There is swelling of the submaxillary gland or 

 glands of the affected side or sides. The swelling is hard and 

 adherent to the jaw. If both nostrils are affected, there will be 

 a tumour on each side. When only one suffers, the eye on that 



