GLANDERS. 497 



yet observed a case of primary glanders of the lungs of the horse. 

 If one regards the ' grey translucent ' tubercles in the lungs as 

 lesions of glanders, one can arrive at such a conclusion, but the 

 careful and dilijrent examination of such tubercles in the Patho- 

 logical Institute has shown how erroneous this view is." He also 

 states that the tubercles of glanders are opaque and of a greyish 

 white colour, their centres yellow, they are surrounded by red- 

 dened zones, and they do not become calcified. 



Unchecked glanders in a horse almost always runs a chronic 

 course, in which case, ulceration in the nostrils often does not 

 appear until several months after infection. The acute form is 

 more common than the chronic form in donkeys and mules. 



MODES OF INFECTION.— Glanders is most readily commu- 

 nicated by bringing some of the diseased discharge from the 

 nostrils or from a farcy bud, in contact with a wound or with any 

 of the mucous membranes. Hence it is advisable, when examining 

 a suspected horse, to carefully avoid the possibility of his sneezing 

 or coughing in one's face, which preoaution oan be taken by using 

 one of the special face-guards that are manufactured for the pro- 

 tection of persons examining glandered horses. Inoculation with 

 glanders-tainted blood has been found to fail more often than it 

 succeeds in transmitting the disease. 



The following are the chief ways in which the microbes of 

 glanders can enter the healthy body : — 



1. By means of the air as a carrier. 



It appears impossible for the bacilli of glanders to be carried 

 directly from one horse to another ; for " Eug. Renault, long before 

 Cadeac and Malet, always failed to transmit the disease to a healthy 

 horse by making him breathe air which was given off the lungs 

 of an acutely glandered horse ; their muzzles being connected by a 

 cloth " {Trashot). 



Friedberger and Frohner state that the organs of breathing are 

 the gate of entrance for the virus, in at least nine-tenths of cases 

 of glanders, and that it is reasonable to assume that this trans- 

 mission is effected bv the bacilli-laden discharges being blown about 

 in the form of dust, after they have become dry. In support of 

 this assumption they state that frequently the lungs alone are 

 affected, and that they often show the oldest changes. Professor 

 McFadyean, who follows in the footsteps of these two German 

 authorities, remarks that the almost constant presence of these 

 bacilli in the lungs of horses which have caught the disease in a 

 natural manner, and their customary absence from the abdominal 

 organs of these animals, are strong grounds for believing that the 

 breath ed-in air is the principal carrier of the disease. This in- 



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