112 CHEMICAL PHYSIOLOGY. 



but as this is a tedious process and requires much time, it is not 

 suitable for the physician. 



8. Esbach's Method (Albumimeter). 



A. The Reagent. Dissolve 10 grammes of picric acid, and 20 

 grammes of citric acid in 800 cc. of boiling water, and make up 

 the solution to a litre. 



Dr. Johnson finds that a solution of picric acid in boiling water 

 (5 grains to the ounce) gives the same result. 



B. Process. Pour urine into the tube (6 in. x | inch) up to 

 the mark U, then the reagent up to the mark R, mix thoroughly. 

 Set the tube aside for twenty-four hours, and then read off on 

 the scale the height of the coagulum. The figures indicate the 

 grammes of dried albumin in a litre of urine i.e., the percentage 

 is obtained by dividing by ten. If the coagulum is above 4, 

 dilute the urine first with one or two volumes of water, and then 

 multiply the resulting figure by 2 or 3 as the case may be. If 

 the urine be alkaline, it must first be acidulated by acetic acid. 

 If the amount of albumin be less than 0'5 grammes per litre, it 

 cannot be accurately estimated by this method. 



LESSON XIX. 

 BLOOD, BILE, AND SUGAR IN URINE. 



1. Blood in Urine (Hsematuria). The blood may come from 

 any part of the urinary apparatus. If from the kidney, it is 

 usually small in amount and well mixed with the urine, and the 

 microscope may reveal the presence of "blood-casts," i.e., blood- 

 moulds of the renal tubules. Large coagula are never found, 

 and the urine not unfrequently is " smoky." From the bladder 

 or urethra, usually the urine is bright red, and relatively 

 large coagula are frequently present. In all forms, blood-cor- 

 puscles are to be detected by the microscope, and albumin by 

 its tests. 



(a.) Examine the naked-eye characters of a specimen. It 

 may be any tint from red to brown, but if the blood is well 



