BLOOD, BILE, AND SUGAR IN URINE. 113 



mixed with the urine, the latter usually has a " smoky " 

 appearance. 



(6.) Collect any deposit and examine it microscopically for 

 blood-corpuscles, which, however, are frequently discoloured 

 or misshapen. 



(c.) Examine for the spectrum of oxy-haemoglobin or 

 met-hsemoglobin " (Lesson IV.) 



(d.) Heller's Blood Test. Make the urine strongly alka- 

 line with caustic soda, and boil. On standing, a deposit of 

 earthy phosphates coloured red or brown by haematin occurs, 

 the deposit carrying down the altered colouring-matter of 

 the blood with it. This is not a satisfactory test. 



(e). Mix some freshly prepared tincture of guaiacum with 

 urine, and pour on it some ozonic ether ; a blue colour indi- 

 cates the presence of haemoglobin. 



(f.) The urine gives the reactions of albumin. 



2. Haemoglobinuria is applied to that condition where haemo- 

 globin is excreted through the kidney as such, and is not con- 

 tained within blood-corpuscles. The urine contains haemoglobin, 

 but not the blood-corpuscles as such. It occurs when blood- 

 corpuscles are destroyed within the blood-vessels, as after the 

 transfusion of the blood of one species into the blood-vessels of 

 another species ; after the transfusion of warm water ; the injec- 

 tion of a solution of haemoglobin into a vein ; and after extensive 

 destruction of the skin by burning. It also occurs in purpura, 

 scurvy, often in typhus or scarlet fever, pernicious malaria, in 

 "periodic 'haemoglobinuria," and after the inhalation of arsen- 

 iuretted hydrogen. 



(a.) The urine gives the same reactions as in haematuria, 

 but no blood-corpuscles are detected by the microscope. 



3. Bile in Urine. The biliary constituents appear in the urine 

 in cases of jaundice and in poisoning with phosphorus. One 

 may test for the bile-pigments, or the bile-acids, or both. 



A. Bile-Pigments. 



(a.) Colour. The urine has usually a yellow or yellowish- 



8 



