BLOOD, BILE, AND SUGAR IN URINE. 115 



acid, a purple- violet colour indicates the presence of the bile- 

 pigments. 



(c.) Try the sulphur test (Lesson IX., 5). 



4. Sugar in Urine (Glycosuria). Briicke maintains that the 

 merest trace of glucose or grape sugar is normally present in 

 urine. In Diabetes mellitus, however, it occurs in considerable 

 amount, and is, of course, then quite abnormal. 



Characters of Diabetic Urine. 



(1) The patient usually passes a very large quantity of urine 

 even to 10,000 cc., and although the quantity of fluid is large. 



(2) The specific gravity is high 1030 to 1045 due to the 

 presence of the grape sugar. 



(3) The colour is usually a very pale straw, from the dilution 

 not diminution of the urine pigments. The urine is often some- 

 what turbid. 



(4) It has a heavy sweet smell, and usually froths when poured 

 from one vessel into another. 



N.B. When the quantity of urine is above normal, and the 

 specific gravity reaches 1030, suspect the presence of grape sugar. 



5. Tests. In all cases remove any albumin present. 



(a.) Moore's Test. To urine add an equal volume of caustic 

 .soda or potash, and boil the upper stratum of the fluid. If 

 much sugar be present, a dark sherry or bistre-brown colour 

 is obtained. The colour may vary from a light yellow to a 

 dark brown (due to the formation of glucic and melassic 

 acids), according to the amount of sugar present. This is 

 not a delicate test. 



(b.) Trommer's Test. Add to the urine one-third its bulk 

 of caustic soda solution, and then a few drops of a solution of 

 cupric sulphate, and a clear blue solution of the hydrated 

 oxide is obtained. Boil the upper stratum of the fluid. 

 If sugar be present, a yellow or yellowish-red ring of reduced 

 cuprous oxide is obtained. 



