252 TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 



In Europe : 



Anopheles bifurcatus breeds in slowly running water 



and roadside ditches. In Britain the larvae 



live all through the winter. 

 A. maculipennis breeds in roadside ditches. Adults 



hibernate in houses during the winter and the 



larvae die. 

 A. pseudopictus. ? the same as A. sinensis, a carrier 



in some localities. 

 In "Asia : 



A. listoni, A. culicifacies, A. umbrosus (?), A. albi- 



rostris, A. ludlowii, A. maculatus, A.fuliginosus. 

 A. sinensis, in Japan and North Borneo, not in the 



Malay States. 

 A . stephensi, Bombay. 

 In Africa : 



A.funestus, a stream and river breeder. Feeds in 



the shade in the daytime as well as at night. 



Believed by Alcock to be the same as 



A. cnlicifacics. 

 A. costalis, breeds in roadside ditches, pools and in 



stagnant and even putrid water. 

 A. mauritianns, A. paludis, proof insufficient. 

 A. pharcensis, A. sqnamosus, and A. nili are 



probable carriers. 

 In Australia : 



A. annnlipes (?) A. bancrofti. 

 In America : 



A. maculipennis, A. bifurcates, A. Intzii, A. argyro- 



tarsus, A. albimanus. 



In some of these the evidence is incomplete. Experi- 

 mental cultivation of the parasites in some of these is 

 difficult, and in other species such as Anopheles kochii and 

 A. aitkeni, which from their topographical distribu- 

 tion are probable carriers, is almost impossible, as the 

 mosquitoes soon die and will not feed in captivity. 



Alcock's simplified classification is adopted in the 



