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TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 



interior is a loose fibrous stroma, in which a mass of 

 worms is embedded. The central part is more of a 

 cavity, with a few strands of fibrous tissue, and portions 

 of the worms, including free extremities, occupy the 

 space. A little grumous fluid exudes when the tumour 

 is incised. The nature of the tumour is almost identical 

 with that of the tumours caused by the Spiroptera 

 reticulata in cattle and horses. Eggs and embryos are 

 found in the fluid in the tumours, but not in the blood 

 or elsewhere as a rule, though they have been found in 

 the scrapings of the skin by Brienl in similar infections 

 of cattle, and may therefore leave the body by penetrating 

 the skin. 



FIG. 60. Tail end of male Filaria volvulus. (After Parsons.) 



The male is 20 to 32 mm. in length by 0*2 mm. at 

 its broadest part. The oesophagus is 0*8 mm. in length 

 and shows no dilatation. There is a single spiral twist 

 at the caudal extremity, which is blunt. There are two 

 pairs of pre-anal and two pairs of post-anal papillae close 

 to and almost touching each other. There are also two 

 pairs of papillae near the tip of the tail, one pair terminal 

 and lateral and the other sub-terminal and ventral. A 

 single unpaired papilla has been noted midway between 

 the cloaca and the tip of the tail. There are two unequal 

 spicules (fig. 60.) The female is much larger than the 

 male, probably over 100 mm., but is difficult to extract 

 entire. In breadth it is over 0*3 mm. The genital pore 

 is 0-65 mm. from the head. In both sexes there are cuti- 

 cular thickenings producing an appearance of banding. 



