138 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 



gongylodes, etc. (5) Subterranean tuberous in which a subter- 

 ranean stem or branch enlarges as a food-storing center: (a) annual 

 type, tuber as in potato, etc., corm as in crocus, etc.; (b) perennial 

 type, bulbs as in lily (scaly) and onion or hyacinth (tunica ted). 



(6) Phylloid or leaf-like in which flattening branch expansion occurs, 

 when leaves become reduced in size as in Asparagus, Ruscus } etc. 



(7) Cactoid, in which reduced condensed branches or stems become 

 swollen for water (and food) storage as in Cacti, Euphorbia sp., etc. 



Above-ground Stems. A twining stem winds around a support, 

 as the stem of a beam or Morning Glory. 



A culm is a jointed stem of the Grasses and Sedges. 



A climbing or scandent stem grows upward by attaching itself 

 to some support by means of aerial rootlets, tendrils or petioles. 

 Examples: Ivy, Grape, etc. 



The scape is a stem rising from the ground and bearing flowers 

 but no leaves, as the dandelion, violet, or blood root. 



A tendril is a modification of some special organ, as of a leaf 

 stipule or branch, capable of coiling spirally and used by a plant in 

 climbing. Present in the Grape, Pea, etc. 



A spine or thorn is the indurated termination of a stem tapering 

 to a point, as the thorns of the Honey Locust. 



Prickles are outgrowths of the epidermis and cortex and are 

 seen in the roses. 



A stolon Is a prostrate branch, the end of which, on coming in con- 

 tact with the soil, takes root, so giving rise to a new plant. Exam- 

 ples: Currant and Raspberry. 



An herbaceous stem is one which is soft in texture and readily 

 broken. Example: Convallaria majalis. 



An under shrub or sujfruitoose stem is a stem of small size and 

 woody only at the base. Examples: Bitter-sweet, Thyme, etc. 



A shrubby or fruitcose stem is a woody stem larger than the pre-* 

 ceding and freely branching near the ground. Example: Lilac, etc. 



A trunk is the 'woody main stem of a tree. , 



HERB AND TREE 



A tree is a perennial woody plant of considerable size, attaining a 

 height of 15 or more feet, and having as the above-ground parts a 

 trunk and a crown of leafy branches. 



