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PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 



I. Order Coniferales. Trees with a single upright stem which 

 develops side branches that spread out horizontally and taper to a 

 point at the summit, giving the crown of the tree the appearance of 

 a huge cone, rarely shrubs. 



Pinacea (Conifera) or Pine Family. Trees or shrubs with resin- 

 ous juice whose wood is characterized by being composed largely of 

 tracheids with bordered pits. Leaves entire, awl- or needle-shaped 

 frequently fascicled, exstipulate, usually evergreen. Flowers, 

 monoecious or rarely dioecious, achlamydeous, in cones. Staminate 



PIG. 161. Inflorescences of the pine, i, Terminal twig; 2, ovulate cone; 3, 

 staminate cone; 4, two-year-old cone. (Hamaker.) 



cone of a large number of microsporophylls (stamens) closely packed 

 together and arranged spirally around a central axis, each stamen 

 bearing usually two pollen sacs. Carpellate cone composed of 

 spirally arranged scales, each of which bears a pair of naked ovules 

 (megasori) near the base of its upper face, or, ovules springing from a 

 cupuliform disc. Fruit a cone with woody or fleshy scales (Pinus, 

 Thuja, Abies, Picea, etc.), a galbalus (Juniperus) or a drupe com- 

 posed of the thickened and fleshy disc surrounding an erect seed 

 (Taxus). Seeds albuminous. Embryo with two or more cotyledons . 



