398 



PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY 



V. Order Rubiales. Rubiacea or Madder Family. Herbs 

 (Galium, Mitchella, etc.), shrubs (Cephalanthus, etc.), or trees (Cin- 

 chona species) with fibrous roots, sometimes, as in Cephaelis Ipecacu- 

 anha, annularly enlarged. Roots, stems and to a less extent leaves 

 rich in varied alkaloids, some of medicinal value. Leaves opposite, 

 entire, stipulate and interpetiolate. Inflorescence a raceme of 

 dichesial cymes occasionally condensing to scorpioids. Flowers 

 perfect, often dimorphic, pentamerous or tetramerous; sepals five 

 (Cinchona, etc.) but four in Galium, small, green, subtended with 

 other flowers by one or two or more enlarged petaloid bracts; petals 

 five (Cinchona, etc.) to four in Galium, stellate, varying from shallow 

 rotate to elongate tubular or funnel-shaped with stellate limbs; 

 stamens five to four, epipetalous; pistil nearly always bicarpellate, 

 rarely of five to four carpels; ovary inferior, two-celled with central 

 placentation; styles either distinct with knob-shaped stigmas or style 

 elongate, filiform, ending in bilobed stigmas. Fruit varied, a capsule 

 in Cinchona, a berry in Coffee, a drupe, or frequently, as in Galium, 

 dry and splitting into nutlets; seeds albuminous, each with a curved 

 embryo. 



Official drug 



Caffeina 



Cinchona 



Official drug 



Cinchona Rubra 



Part used 

 P'eebly basic 

 principle 



Bark 



Part used 

 Bark 



Coffea Tosta N.F. Roasted seeds 



Botanical origin 



Coffea arabica 



Cinchona Ledgeri- 

 ana, C. Calisaya 

 and hybrids of 

 these with other 

 Cinchona species 

 Botanical origin 



Cinchona succirubra 

 or its hybrids 



Coffea arabica 



Coffea liberica 



Habitat 



Eastern Africa 



South America 



Habitat 



> South America 



Eastern Africa 



Gambir 



Ipecacuanha 



Prepared ex- 

 tract from de- 

 coctions of leaves 

 and twigs 



Ourouparia Gambir East Indies 



Root 



Cephaelis 

 Ipecacuanha 

 Cephaelis acuminata 



Brazil 



United States of 

 Columbia 



