8 TREES IN WINTER 



Part II is intended as a guide to tlie indentification of our com- 

 mon trees in winter. Although lumbering and the commercial 

 handling of trees is chiefly carried on in the leafless season and their 

 identification at this period consequently is of the greatest import- 

 ance, still there has been up to the present time little assistance ac- 

 cessible in this country to one who has wished to be able to dis- 

 tinguish the trees in their interesting winter condition. 



The text with keys in Part II, is an outgrowth of outlines that 

 one of the authors has developed and used with various modifica- 

 tions for the last five years in his college classes in Botany and 

 Forestiy. The photographic illustrations are all originals, most 

 of them by the other author. In Part II, one of us is responsible 

 for the text and for the selection of the material photographed, and 

 the other for the majority of the photographs, while in Part I, one 

 of us has written the introductory chapter on the study of trees and 

 the chapter on the structure, life and growth of a tree, and the 

 other the subsequent chapters. We have, however, frequently con- 

 sulted throughout in the preparation of the book. 



The order of arrangement of the species in the text and the 

 scientific names follow the usage of the seventh edition of Gray's 

 Manual, and the latter are in accord with the rules laid down in 

 the Vienna Congress. The figures and descriptions given are of 

 trees for the most part growing wild in the northeastern portion of 

 North America, including as its center New England, and the 

 neighboring regions. A few rarer species which occur only very 

 locally or in isolated instances within this region have been omitted 

 from illustration. In their places, however, some of the more 

 frequently cultivated trees have been included because of their 

 value for forestry purposes or because of their familiarity in orna- 

 mental plantings. The varieties of cultivated forms are so num- 

 erous that it is obviously possible to take account of only the most 

 common types. Their inclusion, it is believed, will add to the value 

 of the publication especially for its use in cities. The keys can be 

 absolutely relied upon only for the species just mentioned from New 

 England and the neighboring regions. New England, including 

 as it does the meeting ground between the northern and southern 

 floras, is extremely rich in the species of trees represented. Part 

 II, therefore, especially in its descriptive text and illustrations 



