PLANTING AND CARE OF TREES. 55 



either buried on the north side of a building or stored in a cool 

 cellar until spring, when they are ready for planting. During the 

 winter the lower ends of the cuttings should become callused. 

 Call using is the first step toward root fonnation. The cuttings 

 are planted usually in rows eighteen to thirty-six inches apart and 

 about six inches apart in the row. They are 2)laced in the ground 

 either on the slant or in a vertical |)osition and set so that one or 

 two buds remain above the. surface. The soil always should be 

 packed finnly about the cuttings. The after treatment is about 

 the same as for seedlings. 



PROPAGATION BY GRAFTAGE 



According to Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticulture, "Graftage com- 

 prises the process and operation of inserting a part of one plant into 

 another, with the intention that the part shall grow on the foster 

 root, together with all the questions which arise in relation to the 

 practice." It is a comprehensive term, embracing all questions 

 relating to the operations of both grafting and budding. 



This method of propagation is employed when it is necessary to 

 perpetuate varieties that do not come true from seed, as is the case 

 with all varieties of our cultivated fruit trees, like apples, pears, 

 plums, cherries, peaches, lemons and oranges, and with many hor- 

 ticultural varieties of ornamental trees. It is employed also with 

 trees that do not bear seeds freely and with those whose seeds 

 are difficult to germinate and that do not propagate well by cuttings. 

 The practice is also useful in dwarfing tall-growing species ; for ex- 

 ample, the standard pear is made dwarf by grafting it upon the 

 quince. Furthermore the practice may be useful in adapting cer- 

 tain kinds of trees to adverse conditions of soil and climate. For 

 example on account of the difficulty of growing the plum on light 

 soil, it is sometimes grafted on the peach, which is better adapt- 

 ed to sandy soil. 



As a rule, grafting must be done with plants of close relation- 

 ship, but frequently success follows grafting of one species on an- 

 other, as in the case of plums, and occasionally of one genus or 

 another, as is the case of the pear and quince. It is not enough, 

 however, that the graft should unite, but it should form a good 

 union that is not likely to be parted by wind storms or by heavy 

 loads of fruit. The limits within which grafting can succeed, 

 therefore, are to be determined only by experiment. 



