IDENTIFICATION OF TREES. 203 



THE HICKORIES 

 Carya. 



Trees with smooth gray tough bark in young trees, becoming rough- 

 ened with age; twigs in the main stout, tough, flexible, but with 

 difficulty broken, dark, sharply outlined against the sky; buds more 

 or less' naked to evidently scaly, frequently superposed, the lateral 

 sometimes enclosed in a sac soon splitting at the top and often 

 stalked: leaf-scars alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, 

 more or less 3-lobed inversely triangular; bundle-scars conspicuous, 

 more than 3, irregularly scattered or collected in 3 more or less regular 

 groups, rarely in a straight line; pith not chambered except at nodes, 

 sometimes somewhat star-shaped in cross section; lenticels oblong, 

 conspicuous; fruit an unsculptured nut, inclosed in a husk which 

 splits into four valves at least at the apex. 



101. Buds conspicuously bright yellow with minute glandular dots; 

 terminal buds elongated, flattened; bud-scales 4-6, valvate in 

 pairs Bitternut (Carya cordiformis) p.274 



101. Buds not conspicuously bright yellow-dotted; terminal buds ovate; 

 bud-scales, 10 or more, overlapping, or the outermost on lateral 

 buds usually forming a closed sac soon splitting from the top; 

 inner scales hairy 102 



102. Buds small, terminal buds 5-10 mm. long, their outer darker scales 

 generally somewhat glandular dotted, but not conspicuously 

 vellow; outer scales often falling and exposing downy scales 

 beneath; twigs smooth, comparatively slender; bark not at all or 

 but slightly shaggy Piguut (Carya glabra) p.272 



102. Buds large, the terminal buds 8-15 mm. long, ovate, nearly or 

 quite glandless; twigs stout, often downy toward tip 103 



103. Bark not shaggy; terminal buds broadly ovate to spherical, outer 

 scales soon falling off entire, exposing pale yellowish-gray silky 

 scales beneath Mookermit (Carya alba) p.270 



103. Bark distinctly shaggy; terminal buds elongated ovate, dark 

 outer scales persisting through winter but shagging off in pieces 

 from their apeii downward. Shag-bark Hickory (Carya ovata) p.268 



THE BIRCHES 

 Betula. 



Bark smooth, in some species peeling into papery layers but not flaky; 

 lenticels becoming conspicuously horizontally elongated with age; leaf- 

 scars alternate, 2-ranked, semi-oval to crescent-shaped; stipule-scars 

 narrow, often inconspicuous: bundle-scars 3 rather inconspicuous: fruit 

 a flat seed-like body borne in catkins, staminate catkins generally 

 present on the tree in winter. 



104. Bark close, not easily separated into thin papery layers 105 



104. Bark easily separated into thin papery layers and generally peel- 

 ing spontaneously 106 



105. Bark dark reddish brown; twigs with strong wintergreen taste. 

 Hlat'k Hireh (Betula lenta) p.2S0 



105. Bark chalky-white; twigs without wintergreen taste, generally 

 roughened with resinous dots. Gray Illroh (Betula populifolia) p.2SG 



106. Outer layers of bark chalky-white 107 



106. Outer layers of bark not chalky-white 108 



107. Native species Paper nireh (Betula alba var. papyrifera) p.2SS 



107. European species Kuropt-an AVhite Birch (Betula alba) p.2»0 



108. Bark reddish-brown to light pink; rare and local in New Hamp- 

 shire and Massachusetts, occasionally cultivated 



Red Birch (Betula nigra) p.2.S4 



108. Bark dirty-yellow; common throughout New England 



Yellow Birch (Betula lutea) p.282 



