INTRODUCTION. 13 



The smaller Perlidce are all remarkable for the curious way in 

 which they roll up their wings until the insect looks more like a 

 thin bit of stick than a fly ; however, all are worth imitating, and 

 are great favourites with trout and grayling alike. 



Trichoptera. — We next come to the Caddis Flies (plate 6), at 

 present considered as a sub-order or family of the Neuroptera, 

 though each succeeding generation of entomologists seems to delight 

 in moving them to another place. They are divided into seven 

 families, and 250 species. 



These again are aquatic insects. The eggs are laid in the water 

 in the form of a gelatinous globule, whence the larvae emerge, and 

 at once make themselves a covering of tubular form of either reeds, 

 weeds, stones, shells, or other handy material which they cement 

 together. Some varieties retain free movement, others cement 

 their dwellings on to stones and stay there until hatching time comes. 

 The larvae of the larger varieties are very voracious and do not 

 hesitate to attack small fish, which they grip from below with 

 their powerful front claws, never letting go if once they get a fair 

 hold. The larva is known as a Stick Bait or Cad Bait, and is much 

 used in some districts. Phryganea grandis is the largest species. 

 It is the Bustard of the North Country, and is often found running 

 round the collar when one is on angling bent, especially at dusk. 

 Possibly the white attracts its attention. As the hay ripens 

 numerous white and yellow moths may be seen during the summer 

 evenings hovering over the flowers and flying with considerable 

 speed from plant to plant. These are the " Ghost Swift " moths 

 (Hepialis humuli) of which the white is the male and the yellow the 

 female, and have nothing whatever in common with the " Bustards " 

 of the angler, although they are frequently erroneously called by 

 that name ; no doubt owing to the fact that they are strongly in 

 evidence during the height of the Bustard season, and the ill-informed 

 taking them as such, ties an imitation which is passed off as a Bustard. 

 They never go near the water except by accident, whereas the real 

 Bustards are born and bred in the water, lay their eggs there, and 

 are a continual temptation to the lusty trout by reason of the way 

 they skate upon, or hover over its surface. 



