TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 PLANT BIOLOGY 



PAGE 



PREFACE > vii 



CHAPTER 



I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 1 



II. COMPOSITION OF LIFELESS AND LIVING THINGS . . 5 



I. Elements, Compounds, and Oxidation . . 5 



II. Definitions 12 



III. A Study of the Food Substances ... 13 



IV. Manufacture of the Food Substances by Plants . 22 



III. THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PLANTS ... 26 



IV. OSMOSIS AND DIGESTION 32 



V. ADAPTATIONS OF THE NUTRITIVE ORGANS OF PLANTS 39 



I. The Structure and Adaptations of Roots . . 39 



II. The Structure and Adaptations of Stems . . 45 



III. The Structure and Adaptations of Leaves . . 52 



VI. RESPIRATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY IN 



PLANTS . - 64 



VII. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS . . . . . .70 



I. The Structure and Adaptations of Flowers . 70 



II. The Structure and Adaptations of Fruits . . 89 



VIII. PLANT PROPAGATION 97 



I. Seeds and their Development into Plants . . 97 

 II. (Optional.) Other Methods of Plant Propaga- 

 tion . , : ? 105 



III. Conditions Essential for the Growth of Plants . 108 



IV. (Optional.) The Struggle for Existence and its 



Effects 114 



V. (Optional.) The Improvement of Plants by Man 119 

 xvii 



