INSECTS 19 



ling moth " was early imported from Europe and is now at home 

 wherever fruit is cultivated in this country and Canada, causing a 

 loss of from 25 to 75 per cent of the apple crop, as well as that of many 

 other fruits. In the heavy bearing years the wormy apples fall off 

 and are discarded, but the great number of apples serves to rear 

 enormous numbers of the worms, and, according to my observations 

 and experience, in the off years, when apples would be valuable, the 

 worms take the whole crop. 



" The larvae change to pupae in May, emerge as moths in late 

 May or June, and lay their eggs for the first brood in June. The 

 larvae generally crawl into the calyx cup of the young apples and eat 

 their way to the core, complete their growth in about three weeks, 

 commonly eat their way out through the side of the apple, and either 

 spin to the ground and crawl to the trunk of the tree or crawl down 

 the branches and make their cocoons under the bark again. This 

 occurs with the greater number early in July. This habit affords 

 one of the most vulnerable points of attack. To trap practically 

 all the codling moths in an orchard it is only necessary to scrape 

 all loose bark off from the trees and fasten around the trunks a band 

 of burlap or heavy paper. Remove the bands and collect all larvae 

 once a week during July." The practice of most commercial grow- 

 ers at the present time, however, is to depend very largely or entirely 

 on spraying with a poison (e.g. arsenate of lead, 47). One applica- 

 tion, even, a week or ten days after the blossoms fall, if thorough, 

 will frequently give 95 per cent to 98 per cent of sound fruit. 1 



18. Clothes moths. " The little buff-colored clothes moths 

 (Fig. 15) sometimes seen flitting about rooms, attracted to lamps 

 at night, or dislodged from infested garments or portieres, are them- 

 selves harmless enough, for their mouth parts are rudimentary, and 

 no food whatever is taken in the winged state. The destruction 

 occasioned by these pests is, therefore, limited entirely to the feed- 

 ing or larval stage. The killing of the moths by the aggrieved 



1 The authors are indebted to Mr. E. P. Felt, state entomologist 

 of New York, for this and several other suggestions relating to 

 insects. 



