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nerves on glands, it occurred to him that the vagus might be concerned 

 in the secretion of glycogen in liver cells. He had previously found 

 that section of one of the peduncles of the cerebellum was followed by 

 the appearance of sugar in the urine. On puncturing the floor of the 

 fourth ventricle so as to injure the origin of the vagus, he produced 

 artificial glycosuria, or, as it is sometimes called, experimental diabetes 

 (1849). Later he discovered that this effect was not brought about 

 through the action of the vagus, but by another channel. These 

 experiments also upset the old view, one organ one function. The 

 liver clearly was now restored to its high estate — the obsequies of 

 Bartholinus were premature — the liver formed an " internal secretion," 

 which it poured iuto the blood, and not into a duct. His successor 

 in the College de France, BROWN-SEQUARD (1818-1894), by his 

 researches on the supra-renal and other glands, added much to our 

 knowledge of this subject. 



The glycogenic function of cells was soon extended to muscle, 

 placenta, and all embryonic tissues, and in this matter Bernard had the 

 advantage of the skill of WILLY KUHNE (1837-1900), who was then 

 working in Bernard's laboratory — Kiihne, the genial and learned 

 Professor of Physiology in Heidelberg, whose loss only two years ago 

 we had to deplore. Kiihne's own work on muscle, nerves, pancreatic 

 and gastric digestion, and enzymes, and his histological contribu- 

 tions mark him out as a worthy pupil of the schools of Berlin and 

 Paris. 



Bernard's other great discovery is in relation to vaso-motor 

 nerves, in 1851. Hunter knew that arteries were contractile. Bichat 

 and Magendie refused to admit this. Dupuy, of Alfort, made experi- 

 ments on the action of the nervous system on blood-vessels (1816). 

 Purfour du Petit, in 1727, divided the cervical sympathetic nerve 

 in the dog, and found redness of the conjunctiva (" the intercostal 

 furnishes spirits to the eyes, to the glands and vessels of these 

 parts "). Cruickshank, Brachet (1837), John Reid (1838), and others 

 made similar experiments. Henle, in 1840, showed that the so- 

 called muscular coat was composed of smooth or organic muscular 

 fibres ; Stilling was the first to use the term " vaso-motor." Henle 

 and Stilling were led to surmise the relation of these nerves to 

 the circular muscular coat and their action on blood-vessels. But 

 Bernard's experiments and his new researches on the cervical sympa- 

 thetic were the first experimental proof of the action of these nerves. 

 His attention was strongly directed to the heat effects, and, later, 

 he speaks of " calorific nerves," and even of " frigorific nerves." 



In 1852 Brown-S^quard, in America (Phil. Med. Examine)-), 

 observed that section of the sympathetic was followed by dilatation of 

 vessels and rise of temperature of the corresponding side of the head, 

 while electrification of the upper end of the nerve caused constriction 



