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knights of old, were shivering their lances against every one they met." 

 It is indeed a most excellent book, with admirable coloured plates 

 showing the results of histo-chemical reactions. The plates seem to 

 me to be hand- coloured. Moleschott gives graphic word pictures of 

 Van der Kolk, Van Deen, and other celebrities of the period. 



Moleschott visited Utrecht after his sojourn in Heidelberg. In 

 Chapter VI. of his reminiscences he gives a racy picture of the 

 Heidelberg Professors in 1847-48 at the time of Tiedemann and 

 Gmelin, the time when the classic work on comparative anatomy by 

 Siebold and Stannius was published, " before the torch of Darwin had 

 illuminated" the subject. L. GMELIN was regarded by Liebig as the 

 founder of physiological chemistry. In his lectures he seemed to have 

 shown so many experiments, that it was difficult for students to 

 follow them all with success. F. TIEDEMANN, of anatomical and 

 chemical fame, was an excessively painstaking anatomist. " On one 

 occasion he lectured to us for about fourteen days on the hair." 

 Theodor Bischoff followed in the footsteps of Wolff and Von Baer. 

 With Henle a new period of scientific activity arose in Heidelberg. 

 The classical work of Tiedemann and Gmelin, Die Verdauung nach 

 Vermchen, was published twenty years before, in 1826. The famous 

 observations of Beaumont on Alexis St. Martin were made between 

 1825 and 1833. The fistula opening into St. Martin's stomach 

 enabled both gastric juice to be collected and the appearance of the 

 interior stomach during digestion to be studied. Bassow and 

 Blondlot almost simultaneously (1842) made gastric fistula? on animals. 

 How these operations have led to our increased knowledge of gastric 

 digestion is part of every-day knowledge in physiology. 



From 1840 to 1846 Donders devoted much attention to the great 

 problem of the conservation of energy and its application to the 

 phenomena of organic life. " There is a sum of energy, just as there 

 is a sum of matter ; both are proportionate to each other, both 

 remain always the same." In 1847 he became Professor in the 

 University of Utrecht, and lectured, amongst other subjects, on 

 ophthalmology, led thereto by his having translated into Dutch, 

 Rente's work on that subject. It was his own pupil, Cramer, who 

 anticipated Helmholtz in the theory of accommodation for near 

 vision. Donders obtained an ophthalmic hospital "through the 

 influence of the discovery of the ophthalmoscope and the appearance 

 of Von Graefe in Berlin." In 1858 appeared his great work, 

 Refraction and Accommodation Anomalies, which was translated 

 from the Dutch by Dr. Moore of Dublin and published by the New 

 Sydenham Society in 1864. It was dedicated to William Bowman, 

 F.R.S., who states that " it constitutes the title on which its author 

 takes rank above all his contemporaries as the main founder of a very 

 large province of modern ophthalmology." 



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