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guards in railway travelling, based on the facts of colour blindness, 

 and directing education. It seems to me that his countrymen showed 

 much the same respect towards Bonders as their predecessors did to 

 Boerhaave in days gone by. I have heard Ludwig narrate that, if 

 it was known that Bonders was to travel by a particular train, and 

 was not there just at the moment, he was never left to see the train 

 disappearing in the distance. The portrait of the leonine head of 

 Bonders, here reproduced from the original picture of G. F. Watts, R. A., 

 I owe to the courtesy of Sir Wm. Paget Bowman, Bart., and some of 

 the facts contained in this narrative are taken from the notice " In 

 Memoriam of F. C. B., by W. B.," i.e., Sir Wm. Bowman, the intimate 

 friend of Bonders, in Proceedings of Roy. Soc, XLIX., 1891. 



There is another marked personality about this period, to whom 

 we must refer, MORITZ SCHIFF (1823-1896). He was born at 

 Frankfort-on-the-Main, attended the Senkenberger Institute there, 

 took his M.B. at Gbttingen (1844), and obtained in Paris, under 

 Magendie and Longet, and at the Museum, a wide knowledge of 

 comparative anatomy. He was successively Professor of Microscopic 

 Anatomy and Pathology in Berne (1855-62), of Physiology in 

 Florence (1863-76), and, from 1876, Professor of Physiology in 

 Geneva. He was a ceaseless and untiring worker in nearly every 

 field of physiology. In the list of his published and collected works, 

 by his pupil A. Herzen, of Lausanne, the chronological list of his 

 works exceeds two hundred. 



J. N. CZERMAK. 



1828-1873. 



CZERMAK'S name is indelibly associated with the laryngoscope. 

 He was born at Prague, studied at Vienna, and began his 

 physiological studies under Purkinje in Breslau, and was 

 afterwards his assistant in Prague. He was also Professor in Graz, 

 but his period of great activity was in Pesth in 1858-60, the period of 

 the invention of the laryngoscope. We need not enter into the 

 question of priority as between Tiirck and Czermak ; or the use of a 

 mirror by Liston, and also by Garcia, for studying these parts. As 

 Czermak remarks, " Bas Kehlkopfspiegelchen war eine sprode Braut, 

 von vielen gekannt und umworben, ich aber habe sie heimgefiihrt." 



Czermak travelled in Europe, in England and Scotland, and thus 

 did much to introduce the use of this instrument. He was Professor 

 in Jena, where he delivered an admirable course of popular lectures on 

 physiology. Afterwards he built a private laboratory in Leipzig — he 

 called it a spectatorium, and I well remember with what eclat he 



