PROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING 153 



illustration of an old tree just top-grafted. Many stubs should 

 be set, and at least all the prominent branches should be grafted 

 if the tree has been well-trained. It is better to have too many 

 stubs and to be obliged to remove some of them in after years, 

 than to have too few. In thick-topped trees, care must be 

 exercised not to cut out so much foliage the first year that the 

 inner branches will sunburn. All large branches which must 

 be sacrificed ought to be cut out when the grafting is per- 

 formed, as they increase in diameter very rapidly after so 

 much of the top is removed. 



A horizontal branch lying directly over or under another 



FIG. 177. Showing the upright direction of a graft in a horizontal limb. 



should not be grafted, for it is the habit of grafts to grow 

 upright rather than horizontal in the direction of the original 

 branch ; and it is well to split all stubs on such branches hori- 

 zontally, that one cion may not stand directly under another. 

 The habit of growth of the cion is well shown in Fig. 177, 

 illustrating the form and direction of the original branch, 

 and the yearling grafts. It is evident, therefore, that a top- 

 grafted tree is narrower and denser in top than was the tree 



