CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 197 



straw-color to reddish-brown; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long; bristles whitish 

 (F. gmcile, var. paucinervium Engelm. ; E. paucinervium A. A. Eaton.) — 

 Swamps and bogs, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J. and 111. Fr. Juiy, Aug. 



0. E. angustifblium Hoth. Culms 2-') dm. high, slender^ obtusely angled ; 

 basal leaves broad, condupUcate above the middle; cauline leaves feio, stiff, flat 

 at base, 1.5-15 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; spikelels 

 2-10, mostly on stout glabrous or glabrate peduncles (0.5-7 cm. long), in 

 anthesis ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, in fruit 2.^-4.5 cm, long; scales lead-color to 

 castaueous, 4-10 mm. long, the nerveless tip membranous; anthers 2.5-5 mm. 

 long; achenes 2.7-8.5 mm. long; bnstles bright white. (E. polystachion L,, 

 in part.) — Cold bogs, Arctic Am., s. to Ntd., N. S., N. B., Me., L. Superior, 

 etc. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.) Var. mXjus Schultz. Stout and taU 

 (3-9 dm.) ; the leaves 4-8 mm. broad. — South to Me., Ont., 111., Wise, la., etc. 

 (Eurasia. ) 



7. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Culms 2-9 dm. high; leaver 

 flat except at tip, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 3-30, on slender simple or forked 

 minutely hairy peduncles, in anthesis slender-ovoid., G-10 mm. long, in fruit 

 1.5-3 cm. long ; scales greenish-drab to lead-color, the prominent often scabroui 

 midrib extending to the tip ; anthers 1-1.25 mm. long ; bristles whitish or pah 

 buff. {E. polystachion of most Am. authors.) — Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. 

 to Sask. and B. C, s. to Ct., N. Y., O., Mich., Wis., and said to extend to Ga. 

 Fr. May-Aug. Var, Fell6wsii Fernald. Spikelets all sessile. — Local, Me. 

 and Mass. 



8. E. virginicum L. Culms wiry, terete below, trigonous above, smooth, 

 4-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, stiff, elongate-linear, with close sheaths, the upper- 

 most 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide; involucral bracts somewhat divergent; 

 spikelets mostly crowded in a dense glomerule, in anthesis 6-10 mm. long, in 

 fruit 1-2 cm. long ; .scales with strongly striate-ribbed greenish or straw-colored 

 body and thin nerveless red-brown margin ; bristles tawny or copper-color. — 

 Bogs and meadows, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Ga. Fr. July-Sept. Var. 

 Album Gray. Bristles whitish. — Ct. and N. Y. 



11. FUIRENA Rottb. Umbrella Grass 



Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, 

 axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranl^, 

 awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate 

 or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usu- 

 ally with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. 

 Style 3-ck'ft. Achene triangular, pointed with the per- 

 sistent base of the style. — Culms from a usually perennial 

 root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish 

 botanist.) 



1. F. squarrbsa Michx. Annual, 0.5-3 dm. high ; stems 

 glabrous ; leaf-sheaths more or less hispid ; spikelets 2-8 ; 

 perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long- 

 stipitate and attenuate to a long retrorsely barbed awn; 

 barbed bristles usually exceeding the yellow-brown achene, 

 which is equaled by the persistent style. (Var. pumila 

 Torr.) — Sandy shores and swamps, Mass. to Fla.; Mich. B06. F. Bqnarroea. 

 and Ind. Aug.-Oct. Fia. 306. 



2. F. hispida Ell. Perennial; stem (2.5-8 dm. high) leafy; leaves and 

 sheaths densely hairy; spikelets ellipsoid (0.5-1.2 cm. long), bristly with the 



spreading awns of the scales ; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid 

 ovate, with a short thick smooth terminal awn or point, the inter- 

 posed mostly barbed bnstles shorter than the yellow achene, which 

 is twice as long as the persistent style. {F. squarrosa, var. 

 807 F. iiispi.la. Cbapm.) — Sandy wet places, N, J to Fla. and Tex., n. in th^ 

 Fruit \2%. low country to Ky. and I. T. Jui^-Oct. Fig. ^i07. 



