582 VIOLACEAE (violet FAMILY} 



white-margined, slightly ciliolate ; capsules from apetalous flowers broadly ellip- 

 soid, finely dotted with purple; seeds buff-colored. — River bottoms and low 

 woods, Mo. and southw. 



7. V. papilionacea Pursh. Plants commonly robust from a stout horizontal 

 branching rootstock ; leaves often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in outline 

 above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly 

 pointed ; petioles often sparingly pubescent ; petals deep 

 violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly 

 white ; the spurred petal often narrow and boat-shaped, usu- 

 ally glabrous ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, rarely ciliolate ; 

 cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually 

 underground but lengthened and erect when the capsules 

 ripen ; capsules ellipsoid to cylindric, green or dark purple, 

 10-15 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. long, dark brown. (V. pal- 

 mata, var. cucullata Gray, in part.) — Moist meadows and 

 groves, frequently about dwellings, Mass. to Minn., and 

 807. V. papilionacea. SOUthw. FiG. 807. , „ , , 



8. V. Stoneana House. Leaves variously 3-9-lobed or 

 parted, the outer segments broadly lunate, all somewhat dentate or incised, 

 narrowed toward the base ; the vernal and late summer leaves less deeply cut 

 or not at all, glabrous except for minute hairs on the margin and sometimes 

 on the veins ; flowers large, violet, darker towards the throat ; spurred petal 

 glabrous ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers ovoid, blotched with purple ; 

 seeds buff-colored. — Moist woodlands, N. J., e. Pa., and Md. 



9. V. palmata L. Leaves of early summer palmately 5-9-lobed or -parted, 

 the segments variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest ; the 

 first leaves of spring sometimes undivided ; petioles and veins of the lower sur- 

 face densely villous, upper surface often glabrous ; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm. 

 broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt ; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate 

 peduncles, their capsules ovoid, purple-dotted, 8-12 mm. long ; seeds brown. — 

 Dry rich woodlands, Mass. to Minn., and southw. 



10. V. triloba Schwein. Early foliage purplish, turning yellowish-green at 

 flowering time ; some leaves broadly heart-shaped, others 3-5-lobed, the middle 

 segment always broad, the basal segments lunate, the lateral if present narrow, 

 the blade 10-15 cm. wide when mature ; petioles densely villous ; peduncles 

 mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves ; petals deep violet within, paler with- 

 out ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliolate ; cleistog- 

 amous capsules ovoid, purplish ; seeds buff or pale brown. ( V. congener 

 Le Conte; V. palmata, var. dilatata Pollard, not Ell.) — Dry woodlands, s. 

 N. E., s. N. Y., and southw. — Freely intergrades with the following. 



11. V. sorbria Willd. In size and habit like no. 7, into which it passes ; 

 leaves villous-pubescent especially on the petioles and under surface when 

 young ; vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves, violet to lav- 

 ender and occasionally white ; outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, cili- 

 olate below the middle and on the short rounded auricles ; cleistogamous flowers 

 ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; capsules of these usually purple ; seeds 

 dark brown. ( V. palmata, var. Pollard.) — Moist meadows, alluvial woods, shady 

 iedges and doojyards, w. Que. to Minn., and southw. 



12. V. hirsutula Brainerd. The smallest species of the group ; leaves com- 

 monly appressed to the ground, 2-4 cm. wide, broadly cordate, obtuse, purplish 

 and glabrous beneath, silvery-pubescent above and marked with varying shades 

 of green ; petaliferous flowers violet-purple, on peduncles taller than the leaves ; 

 apetalous flowers small, ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; their capsules 

 ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, purple, when ripe raised 3-4 cm. above the leaves ; seeds 

 yellow-brown, 20-30 in a capsule. (V. viUosa of recent auth., not Walt.) — 

 Dry rich woods, s. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. — V. villosa, var. cordifolia Nutt., with 

 broader acute leaves less pubescent above, and with infertile capsules and darker 

 seeds, seems to be a cross between V. hirsutula and V. papilionacea. 



13. V. septentrionalis Greene. Leaves 3-7 cm. wide, hirsutulous especiallj 

 on the margins, veins, and petioles, somewhat pointed but the apex blunt 



