COMPOSITAB (COMPOSITE FAMILY) 



865 



1014. T. officinale. 

 Heads and leaf-tips x %. 



nate ; flowers yellow. (Name from rapdaa-eii', 

 to disqiiiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal 

 properties.) 



1. T. officinXle Weber. (Common D.; 

 Leaves coarsely pinnatijid, sinuate-dentate, 

 rarely subentire ; heads large (3-5 cm. broad), 

 orange-yellow; involucral bracts not glaucous; 

 the outer elongated, conspicuously rejlexed; 

 achene olive-green or brovniish, bluntly muricate 

 above, its beak 2-3-times its length ; pappus 

 lohite. {T, Dens-leonis Desf. ; 

 T. Taraxacum Karst.) — Pas- 

 tures and fields, very common. 

 Apr.-Sept. (and rarely through- 

 out autumn and winter). — 

 After blossoming, the inner in- 

 volucre closes, and the slender 

 beak elongates and raises up 

 the pappus while the fruit is 

 forming ; the w^hole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the 

 wind the naked fruits, with the pappus in an open globular 

 head. (Nat. from Eu.) Fig. 1014. 



Var. PALusTRE (Sm.) Blytt. Outer bracts lance- 

 olate to deltoid-ovate, ascending or spreading. — In 

 damp places, e. Que. to Ct. (Nat. from Eu.) Eio. 

 1015. 



2. T. ERYTHROSPERMUM Audrz. (Red-seeded D.) 

 Leaves deeply runcinate-pinnatifid or pinnately divided 

 hi to narrow segments; heads smaller (2-3 cm. broad) , 

 sulphur-yellow., outer ligules purplish without ; invo- 

 lucre glaucous., the inner bracts corniculate-appendaged 

 at tip; the outer short, lanceolate, spreading or ascend- 

 ing; achene smaller, bright red or red-brown, sharply 

 muricate above, more than half as long as the beak : 

 pappus sordid-white. — In dry fields and on rocks. Me. 

 1016. T. erythrospermum. to Pa., locally w. to Kan. Late Apr.-June. (Nat, 

 Heads and leaf-tip X 2/3. from Eu.) Fig. 1016. 



1015. T. off. V. pal. 

 Closed head x %. 



99. s6nCHUS [Tourn.] L. Sow Thistle 



Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less im- 

 bricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked ; pappus copious, 

 of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly 

 falling together. — Leafy -stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly 

 smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate 

 heads of yellow flowers produced in summer and 

 autumn. (The ancient Greek name. ) 



* Perennial, vnth creeping rootstocTcs; flowers bright 

 yellow, in large heads. 



1. S. arvensis L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate- 

 pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped 

 base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenes trans- 

 versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, fields, and 

 gravelly shores, Nfd. and N. S. to N J., w. to the 

 Rocky Mts.j commonest north w. (Nat. from Eu.) 



* * Annual; flowers pale yellow. 



2. S. olerXceus L. (Commov S.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, o" 

 rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, claspmg by a heart' 



gray's manual — 56 



1017. S. oleracens. 

 LeafxVa- Arhcne x 1%. 



