378 



LABORATORY MANUAL FOR VERTEBRATE ANATOMY 



83-84; origin of 79; parts of 79; 

 turtle 81; urodeles 80-81 



Penis 295: mammal 29, 291-92; 

 turtle 285, 286 



Pericardial cavity 159, 160, 195-97, 

 199: elasmobranch 166-67; mam- 

 mal 187, 188; Necturus 170-71; 

 pigeon 180; turtle 172 



Pericardial sac 160, 196-97; mammal 

 188; pigeon 180; turtle 172-73 



Pericardio-peritoneal canal 167: dog- 

 fish 222; skate 210, 222 



Pericardium: elasmobranch 166-67; 

 mammal 188; Necturus 170; pigeon 

 180; turtle 172 



Periderrn 52, 53, 54 



Perimysium 136 



Perineum 29 



Peripheral nervous system 200, 296, 

 298-99, 359, 360-61 : elasmobranchs 

 301-2, 309-16; mammal 334-45, 

 346-49; Necturus 318-19, 320-21; 

 pigeon 328, 331-32; turtle 321-23. 

 325-27 



Peritoneal cavity 159-60, 196-97, 

 199: mammal 189-90; pigeon 180- 

 82 



Petrosal ganglion: elasmobranch 314; 

 pigeon 332 



Peyer's patches 194 



Phalanges 79, 88. See under Limb 



Pharynx 161-62, 198-99: elasmo- 

 branch 168; mammal 185-86; Nec- 

 turus 171; pigeon 177; turtle 175 



Phrenic nerve 334-35 



Pia mater: mammal 341, 352-53; 

 Necturus 320; pigeon 330; turtle 

 124 



Pigeon- air sacs 178-81; arterial 

 system 244-46; circulatory system 

 241-48; classification of 7, 25; 

 coelom 1 80-8 1, 182-83; digestive 

 system 176-77, 180, 181-82; exo- 

 skeleton 52-54; external anatomy 

 25-26; feathers 25, 52-54; fore 

 limb 92; heart 241-42, 246-47; 

 hind limb 83; muscles 179-80; 

 nervous system 328-33; pectoral 

 girdle 91; pelvic girdle 82-83; 

 respiratory system 177-81; ribs 73; 

 sternum 91; syrinx 183; urogenital 

 system 286-87; venous system 

 242-44; vertebral column 72-73 



Pineal body. See Epiphysis 



Pinna 27, 30, 301, 351, 361 



Pisces 6. See Fishes 



Pituitary body. See Hypophysis 



Placenta 294 



Placenta! mammal 7 



Placoid scale 47-48 



Planes of body i 



Plantigrade walk 28 



Plasma 200 



Plastron 25, 52 



Pleura 188; mammal 1 88, 189, pigeon 

 183 



Pleural cavity 159, 196-97, 199: 

 mammal 187-89; pigeon 181, 182- 

 83 



Pleuroperitoneal cavity 159, 195-99: 

 elasmobranch 163-64; Necturus 

 168-69; turtle 172-73 



Plexus of spinal nerves 299, 359: 

 dogfish 301-2; mammal 335-37, 

 330-40; Necturus 319; pigeon 328; 

 skate 302; turtle 322 



Pneumatic foramen 92, 179 



Polyodon: classification of 6; external 

 anatomy 21 



Polypterus: classification of 6; pec- 

 toral fin and girdle 89; ribs 67; 

 skull 101 



Pons 354-55 



Portal system 200, 204, 204-6. See 

 further under Hepatic portal system 

 and Renal portal system 



Postaxial border of limb 24 



Postcaval vein: development of 

 229-30, 241, 247, 268-70, 271; 

 255-56 264-65, 268-70; 



Necturus 225-26; pigeon 242, 243- 



44, 247; turtle 233, 234-35, 237, 241 

 Posterior cardinal vein 203, 270, 271: 



dogfish 208; mammal 269; Nec- 

 turus 226, 229; pigeon 247; skate 



210-11; turtle 240 

 Posterior chamber of eye 305, 349 

 Posterior vena cava. See Postcaval 

 Preaxial border of limb 23 

 Precavalvein27i; cat 253-55; pigeon 



242-43, 247; rabbit 251-53; turtle 



233-34, 240 

 Prechordal cartilage 97 ; bones derived 



from 104 



Premolar teeth 125 

 Prepuce 29, 291-92 

 Precocious vertebra 69, 70, 76 

 Procoracoid 86. See under Pectoral 



girdle 



Procricoid cartilage 178 

 Proctodaeum 160; pigeon 287 

 Prone, definition of 28 

 Pronephric duct 273, 275, 294, 295 

 Pronephros 273-74, 275, 294 

 Propterygium 80, 89 

 Prosencephalon 297 

 Prostate gland 291 

 Proventriculus 181, 182 

 Pseudocentrous vertebrae 69 

 Pterygoid fossa 113, 118 

 Pterygoquadrate cartilage 99, 105, 



107, no, 114 



Pubis 79. See Pelvic girdle 

 Pudendal plexus, pigeon 328 

 Pulmonary artery 267, 272: mammal 



248, 257; Necturus 227; pigeon 



244, 245; turtle 235, 236 

 Pulmonary plexus 337 

 Pulmonary veins 200, 272: mammal 



256-57; Necturus 226; pigeon 242, 



244; turtle 235 

 Pulp: feather 52; scale 47 

 Pulvinar 356, 358 

 Pupil: elasmobranch 305; mammal 



349 



Pygostyle 73 

 Pylorus: elasmobranch 164; mammal 



190, 194; Necturus 169 

 Pyramid, of brain 355, 358 

 Pyriform lobe 354, 358 



Rabbit: arterial system 257-58, 260- 

 64; brain 352-59; circulatory sys- 

 tem 249-65; classification of 7; 

 coelom 187-89, 196-98; cranial 

 nerves 334, 337, 33.8, 342-45, 346- 

 47, 354-55; digestive system 183- 

 86, 189-94; external anatomy 27- 

 29; fore limb 93-94; heart 188, 

 248, 265-66; hind limb 84-85; 

 hyoid apparatus 126, 186; jaw 

 118-19, 124; muscular system 

 134-56; nervous system 333-59; 

 pectoral girdle 92-93; pelvic 

 girdle 83-84; respiratory system 

 186-89; ribs 75; sense organs 

 345-52; skull 116-26; spinal 

 nerves 334-42; sternum 93; sym- 

 pathetic system 334~35, 337~39, 

 343-44; teeth 125; urogenital 

 system 288-92; venous system 

 249-50, 250-53, 255-57, 264-65; 

 vertebral column 73-76 



Radiale 88. See Fore limb 



Radialia: pectoral fin 89; pelvic fin 

 80 



Radials. See Radialia 



Radius 88. See Fore limb 



Ramuscommunicans 299:mammal337 

 turtle 323 



Raphe 133, 136 



Rectal gland 165 



Rectrices 26 



Remiges 26 



Renal corpuscle 275 



Renal portal system 204-6, 214, 224, 

 229, 240-41, 247, 269-70, 271: 

 dogfish 214; mammal 269-70; 

 Necturus 223-25, 229; pigeon 247; 

 skate 214; turtle 230-32, 240-41 



Renal portal vein 206: elasmobranch 

 214; Neclurus 223-24, 229; pigeon 

 243-44, 247; turtle 231-32, 240-41 



Reptilia: classification of 7; exo- 

 skeleton 50-52; fore limb 91; 

 hind limb 81-82; pectoral girdle 

 90-91; pelvic girdle .81; skull 

 1 1 2-i 6; sternum 91; vertebral 

 column 70-72. See further under 

 Alligator, Lizard, and Turtle 



Respiratory system 161-63, 198-99: 

 elasmobranchs 167-68; mammal 

 186-88; Necturus 171; pigeons 177- 

 81; summary 198-99; turtle 175-76 



Restiform body: elasmobranch 308; 

 mammal 354, 358 



Rete testis 276 



Retina 301, 361: elasmobranch 305; 

 mammal 349; pigeon 330 



Retroperitoneal, definition of 176 



Rhinencephalon: elasmobranchs 307 



Rhombencephalon 297 



Ribs 62, 77: alligator 71-72; Am- 

 phibia 69; birds 73; dogfish 66; 

 kinds of 62, 77; mammals 75; 

 origin of 62; teleost 67-68; turtle 72 



Roots of spinal nerves 298, 359: elas- 

 mobranchs 315, 316; mammal 341 



Rostrum 17, 97 



Sacculus, of ear: elasmobranch 306; 

 mammal 352; N eclurus 319; pigeon 

 330 



Sacculus rotundus 193 



Sacral plexus, pigeon 328 



Sacrum 69. See under Vertebral 

 column 



Salivary glands 161: mammal 183-84 



Sauropsida, definition of 8 



Scales: ctenoid 49-50; cycloid 49; 

 fishes 21, 22, 47-50; ganoid 21, 49; 

 mammals 55; reptiles 23, 34, 25, 

 50-52 



Scapula 86. See Pectoral girdle 



Sciatic nerve: mammal 340; Nec- 

 turus 319; pigeon 328; turtle 322 



Sciatic vein: pigeon 243; turtle 231 



Sclera 300: elasmobranch 305; mam- 

 mal 349; pigeon 329 



Sclerotic coat. See Sclera 



Sclerotome 43; in development of 

 vertebrae 58-61 



Scrotum 29, 290 



Scute: armadillo 55; reptiles 50-52 



Segment 2 



Segmentation 2: of head 299-300, 

 315; of circulatory system 204, 206 



Segmentation cavity 32 



Sella turcica 121, 351 



Semicircular canals: mammal 352; 

 pigeon 330 



Semicircular ducts: elasmobranch 

 306; mammal 352; Necturus 319; 



pigeon 330; turtle 326 

 emilunai 



Semilunar ganglion: Necturus 320; 



pigeon 332; turtle 325, 326 

 Semilunar valves: elasmobranch 221; 



mammal 266; Necturus 229; pigeon 



246, 247; turtle 239 

 Seminal vesicle: elasmobranch 283; 



rabbit 291 



Seminiferous tubules 276 

 Sense organs: development of 300- 



301, 361; elasmobranchs 302-6; 



mammal 345-52; Necturus 319; 



pigeon 329-30; turtle 323-24 

 Sensory, definition of 297-98 

 Septum, of brain: mammal 356; 



pigeon 333; turtle 327 

 Septum, of nose: mammal 117, 121, 



350; turtle 323 

 Septum pellucidum 356 

 Serosa, definition of 158 

 Sesamoid bone 83 

 Seymouria: pectoral girdle 88; skull 



106 



Shell gland 281 

 Sinus venosus: elasmobrancb 207 



221; mammal 248; Necturus 222 



228-29: turtle 230, 238 



