8PERMAPHYTES. 83 



III. Compare as to texture the outer scales with 



what is inside. Suggest a reason for the 

 difference. What other means are there for 

 the same purpose ? (Make a note of the 

 answers.) 



IV. Compare a closed bud with others * in different 



stages of unfolding. Make a note of what is 

 observed. 



LEAF. 



I. Strip off some of the epidermis from a hyacinth-leaf. 



Mount in water and examine ivith AA% and D 2. 

 Observe : 



1. The elongated cells of the epidermis without 



chlorophyll. Compare with the epidermis 

 of the fern. 



2. The stomata, each with two guard-cells con- 



taining chlorophyll. 

 Sketch a few cells accurately (D 2). 



II. Out a transverse section of the leaf of the india- 



rubber tree (Ficus elastica). Mount in water. 

 Draw accurately. 



Beginning with the upper surface find : 

 1. The upper epidermis, consisting of several 



* Buds in different stages of opening can be obtained at any 

 time during the winter by keeping cut stems in water for a few 

 weeks. Flowering branches with the flower in different stages 

 of unfolding should be preserved in alcohol from the previous 

 season. 



