6 TURDUS 



Hob. N. America, from Labrador to the Behring Straits, 

 south to the northern States in summer, ranging in winter as 

 far south as Costa Rica. Not uncommon in N.E. Siberia. 



Frequents pine-woods more than those composed of deciduous 

 trees, and is said to be far more shy than T. swainsoni. Its 

 food is much the same as that of its congeners, and it usually 

 obtains it on the ground. Its song is said to differ from that 

 of its congeners, most nearly resembling, however, that of 

 T. pallasi. Its nest, which is placed on a tree or bush at from 

 2 to 7 feet above the ground is constructed of sedge, grass- 

 bents, bark-strips, and stems of the more delicate JSquisetacew, 

 never of Hypnum, and the eggs, usually 4 in number are 

 greenish blue, bluer than those of T. swainsoni, spotted with 

 russet and yellowish/ brown, averaging in size about 92 by 

 0-64. 



Mr. Ridgway separates an eastern form, inhabiting the N.E. 

 United States, which he calls T. licknelli, and should this 

 separation be justified, which I am inclined to doubt, it will 

 not be this form but true T. alicice which inhabits N.E. 

 Siberia. 



7. REDWING. 

 TURDUS ILIACUS. 



Turdus iliacus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 292 (1766) ; Naumamiii. p. 276, Taf. 

 67 ; Hewitson, i. p. 87, pi. xxiv. figs. 1, 2 ; Newton, i. p. 268 ; 

 Dresser, i. p. 35, pi. 3 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. 0. p. 314 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. 

 Br. Mus. v. p. 189 ; Saunders, p. 5 ; Lilford, iii. p. 84, pi. 42. 



Mauvis, French ; Tordo pisco, Portug. ; Malvis, Span. ; Tordo 

 sassello, Ital. ; Rothdrossel, German ; Roeddrossel, Dan. ; JRcedving, 

 Norweg. ; Rodvinge-Trast, Swed. ; Punirastas, Finn. ; Drozd- 

 oriechou-yi, Russ. ; Skogar Thrcestr, Icel. 



Ad. (Sweden). Above brown, the wings rather darker, the coverts 

 edged with greyish brown ; below white spotted and streaked with blackish 

 brown ; a well defined whitish eye-streak, axillaries wing-coverts, and 

 flanks orange chestnut ; bill dark brown, lower mandible paler at the base ; 

 legs greyish flesh brown ; iris brown. Culmen O7, wing 4'6, tail 3-5, tarsus 

 1*0 inch. Sexes alike. The young are streaked above with ochreous, and 

 have the flanks and under wing-coverts dull rufous. In the autumn the 

 adult is rather darker, the eye-streak is tinged with rufous, and the flanks 

 and the wing-coverts are less richly coloured. 



Hob. Iceland, the northern portions of Norway, Sweden 

 Finland, and N. Russia, breeding as far south as North 



