8 TURDUS 



Europe it is a rare straggler, having occurred twice in Norway, 

 once in Germany, once in Belgium, and four times in 

 Italy. 



In general habits it is said to resemble the Fieldfare and 

 Mistletoe Thrush. Its call-note is loud and harsh. It breeds 

 on the Yenesei river, its nest being similar to that of the 

 Fieldfare, and is placed on small isolated trees, usually not 

 more than two feet from the ground. Its eggs vary from the 

 ordinary Blackbird type to those of the Fieldfare, and are 

 usually deposited in June. 



9. FIELDFARE. 

 TURDUS PILARIS. 



Turdus pilaris, Linn. i. p. 291 (1766) ; Nanmann, ii. p. 296, Taf. 67 ; 

 Hewitson, i. p. 84, pi. 23, fig. 3 (egg) ; Newton, i. p. 272 ; Dresser, 

 ii. p. 41, pis. 4, 5 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 287 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. 

 Br. Mus. v. p. 205 ; Gates, F. Brit. Ind. Birds, ii. p. 150 ; Saunders, 

 p. 7 ; Lilford, iii. p. 86, pi. 43. 



Grim litorne, French ; Tordo zonal, Portug. ; Tordelagazzina, 

 Ital. ; Wachholder-Drossel, German ; Kramsvogel, Dutch ; Krams- 

 fuggel, Dan. ; Graa-trost, Norweg. ; Bjorktrast, Snoskata, Swed. ; 

 Rakattirastas, Finn. ; Rastis, Lapp ; Drozd-riabinnik, Russ. 



Ad. (Finland). Head, hind neck, and rump bluish grey; the crown 

 spotted with black ; superciliary and malar stripes buffy white ; centre of 

 back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dark chestnut ; quills and tail blackish 

 brown ; under parts white, throat and breast ochreous, the latter and flanks 

 broadly marked with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; bill 

 yellow, tipped with horn -brown; legs reddish-black ; iris brown. Culmen 

 0'85, wing 5*8, tail 4*5, tarsus 1 '3 inch. In winter the plumage is duller ; the 

 head shaded with brown, the feathers on the breast and flanks margined 

 with fulvous white ; beak horn-brown, yellowish at the base. The young 

 bird has the upper parts much duller and striped with ochreous ; the rump 

 tinged with ochreous ; under parts ochreous, becoming white on the lower 

 breast and abdomen ; the breast closely spotted with blackish. 



Hob. Northern Europe and Asia as far east as the Yenesei 

 valley occurring, though rarely, further east to Dauria, breeding 

 in Scandinavia and North Russia and occasionally in North 

 Germany and Central Russia ; in winter passing south to 

 N. Africa, Turkestan, Kashmir, and N.W. India. A winter 

 visitant only to Great Britain. 



