TURDUS 



It frequents wooded and cultivated localities preferring woods 

 of birch and pine. Its usual call-note is a loud harsh cackle 

 but it utters also a softer one resembling the syllables qui-qui. 

 Its song which is usually uttered when the bird is on the wing 

 is poor. It breeds in scattered colonies, the nest being placed 

 on a tree or bush, or occasionally on a stump, and constructed 

 of grass-bents, pine-twigs, and moss, the foundation plastered 

 with clay, and the lining is usually of fine grass. The eggs 

 from 4 to 6 in number are greenish-blue, marked with reddish 

 brown, richer coloured and more sparingly marked than those 

 of T. merula, and larger than those of T. iliacus, ''averaging about 

 1'5 by 0'85. They are subject to considerable variation in tone 

 of ground-colour and markings. 



10. REDTAILED FIELDFARE. 

 TURDUS NAUMANNI. 



Turdus naumanni Temm. Man. d'Orn. e"d. 21, ii. p. 170 (1820) ; Naumann, 

 ii. p. 288, Taf. 68, 358 ; Dresser, ii. p. 59, pi. vi. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. 

 Br. Mus. v. p. 264 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. O. p. 294 ; David and Oust. Ois. 

 Chine, p. 153. 



Ad. (N. Siberia). Above greyish brown, more or less marked with chest- 

 nut-red ; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail foxy -red, the last paler ; throat, 

 breast, and flanks foxy-red ; a line of black spots on each side of the throat ; 

 abdomen white, slightly marked with rufous ; axillaries, under wing- and 

 tail-coverts fox-red ; bill blackish brown, yellowish at the base ; legs light 

 brown ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'8, wing 5*5, tail 4*1, tarsus 1*3 inch. 

 The female is rather more olivaceous above, but the breast less rufous, the 

 throat white washed with rufus, both spotted with blackish. The young 

 bird has the upper parts, including the rump, olivaceous brown, the streak 

 over the eye buffy white, the throat spotted with blackish brown, the 

 flanks slightly marked and the breast washed with rusty-red. In the 

 winter dress the feathers on the breast and flanks are margined with 

 white. 



Hal}. Northern Asia, eastward to Japan ; a rare straggler to 

 Europe, where it has occurred in Hungary, Austria, Germany, 

 Belgium, and Southern France, and doubtfully in Italy. It 

 winters in China but has not been recorded from India. 



In general habits it resembles T. diibius, but is less shy and 

 affects pine-woods. Its song is sweet and clear and is said to 

 resemble that of T. musicus. Nothing definite was known of its 



