TURDUS 13 



of lower mandible ; legs pale brown. Culmen O8, wing 4'8, tail 3'3, 

 tarsus 1'2 inch. Female paler and duller, the throat slightly marked with 

 dirty white. The young have the upper parts as in the adult but spotted 

 with ochreous, the feathers tipped with black, these markings fainter on 

 the rump ; throat and flanks orange, becoming pale straw colour on the 

 lower throat ; flanks barred and throat spotted with black. 



Hob. The Ussuri country in Eastern Siberia, Saghalien, and 

 Japan, wintering in Southern China, Hainan, Formosa, and 

 ranging as far south as the Philippines. 



It breeds in Japan and on the island of Saghalien, its nest 

 being placed usually in pine-trees from four to thirty feet 

 above the ground, and the eggs, usually 4 in number, which 

 are deposited from the latter part of May to the end of July, are 

 greenish blue rather richly spotted with reddish brown and 

 measure about 1*06 by 0'78. 



15. DUSKY THRUSH. 

 TURDUS OBSCURUS. 



Turdus obscurus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 876 (1788) ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib., 0. 

 p. 306 ; (Gates) F. Brit. Incl. Birds, ii. p. 134 ; Dresser, ii. p. 71, pi. 8 ; 

 (Seebohm) Cat. B. Br. Mus. v. p. 273 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1901, p. 445, 

 pi. ix. figs. 1-4 (eggs) ; T. pattens, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. As. i. p. 457, 

 (1811) ; T. pallidus (nee. Gmel.) Temm. Man. d'Orn., iii. p. 97. 



ad. (Yenesei). Head and neck slaty brown ; rest of upper parts 

 olivaceous brown ; wings and tail brown, the external rectrices tipped with 

 white ; a distinct superciliary stripe ; chin and a patch below the eye white ; 

 breast and flanks orange buff ; rest of under parts white ; axillaries and 

 under wing-coverts grey ; bill brown; the lower mandible pale yellowish; 

 iris brown. Culmen 0'8, wing 4'92, tail 3*7, tarsus 1-25 inch. The female is 

 duller, has the head and neck brown, the eye-streak buffy white and the 

 chin, throat, and sides of the neck dull white. The young has the head 

 and upper parts olivaceous, spotted with ochreous, the feathers with dark 

 tips ; under parts white, throat and breast spotted with dark brown ; flanks 

 dull orange ; superciliary streak indistinct. 



Hah Siberia from the Yenesei valley east to Lake Baikal 

 and the Amoor, north to Kamchatka ; Japan, China, and 

 Mongolia on passage, wintering in Assam, Malacca, and the 

 islands of the Malay Archipelago ; of rare occurrence in Nepal, 

 and Turkestan, and a rare straggler to Europe where it has 

 occurred in Austria. Italy, Southern France, Holland, Belgium, 

 and Germany. 



This species frequents woodlands, usually pine, larch, and 



