TURDUS 15 



ad. (Turkestan). Upper parts greyish brown, the wings and tail 

 dull brown ; chin, throat, and upper breast black ; under parts white, the 

 flanks streaked with blackish, the under wing-coverts and axillaries tinged 

 with reddish orange ; bill yellow at the base, blackish at the tip ; legs light 

 yellowish brown ; iris dark brown. Culmen 0'85, wing 5 '25, tail 4*0, 

 tarsus 1*3 inch. In the female the throat and breast are dull white, striped 

 and marked with black. The young bird resembles the female, but the 

 throat and breast are rather more boldly marked with blackish. 



Hob. Asia north to the Ob and northern Yenesei, south to 

 the Altai and Turkestan, east to Lake Baikal; in winter 

 migrating south to Assam, northern India, Baluchistan, and 

 Afghanistan; has occurred in Europe as a rare straggler in 

 the Caucasus. Hungary, Austria, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, 

 France, and once in Great Britain. 



In its general habits this Thrush resembles T. ruficollis, 

 and like that bird frequents wooded districts, but usually 

 near water. It feeds on insects, and berries, worms, etc. It 

 has been found breeding in the Altai range, and at Im- 

 batskaya on the Yenesei river, and places its nest, which is 

 constructed of dry grass with a lining of mud, and an inner 

 lining of broad dry grass, on small fir-trees at an altitude of 3 

 to 6 feet, and in June deposits 4 to 6 eggs, which vary con- 

 siderably, some resembling the ordinary type of the Blackbird, 

 whereas others more resemble those of the Mistle Thrush, but 

 have the ground colour of a deeper blue. In length they vary 

 from 1-08 to 115, and in width from 077 to O84. 



18. PALE THRUSH. 

 TURDUS PALLIDUS. 



Turdus pallidus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 32 (1788) ; Gould B. of E. ii. 

 pi. 80 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 151 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. 

 p. 309 ; (Seebohm) Cat. B. Br. Hus. p. 274 ; T. daulias, Temm. PI. 

 Col. No. 515 (1831) ; id. and Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves. p. 62, pi. 26. 



Shiropara, Jap. 



(J ad. (Japan). Upper parts warm russet brown, crown olivaceous ; 

 outer tail feathers with a large white terminal patch ; no superciliary 

 stripe ; lores very dark ; sides of head, throat, breast, and flanks slaty grey, 

 the last tinged with brown ; middle of throat marked with white ; middle 

 of abdomen and under tail -co verts white ; axillaries greyish white ; beak 

 brown ; the lower mandible yellowish white ; legs pale brown ; iris 

 brown. Culmen TO, wing 4'9, tail 3'6, tarsus 1*2 inch. In the female the 



