CINCLUS 25 



averaging about TO by 0'73, and are deposited in March or 

 April and two broods are usually reared in the season. The 

 nest is carefully concealed, placed under shelter of an overhang- 

 ing crag or rock close to the water, sometimes behind a small 

 waterfall. Dippers being essentially non-migratory, isolation has 

 caused the group to be separated into various local forms which 

 have become permanently distinct and separated, though the 

 differences are but slight ; but they do not appreciably differ in 

 note, food, habits, or nidification, and it appears to me advisable 

 to treat these as sub-species, which have probably descended 

 from one parent 'stock, most likely C. melanogaster. 



30. SUBSP. CINCLUS AQUATICUS. 



Chiclus aquaticus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. p. 206 (1802) ; Naumann, 

 iii. p. 925, Taf. 91 ; Hewitson, i. p. 77, pi. xxii. ; Gould B. of 

 E. ii. pi. 83 ; Newton, i. p. 241 ; Dresser, ii. p. 167, pi. 19 ; 

 Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 307 ; Saunders, p. 97 ; Lilford, iii. 

 p. 99, pi. 50. 



Aguassiere, Cincle-Plongeur, French ; Water spreeuw, Dutch ; 

 Wasseramsd, German. 



Ad. (Scotland). Differs from C. melanogaster in having the lower breast 

 rich rusty-red, this colour merging into the black of the rest of the under 

 parts. Culmen 0'82 to 0'9, wing 3'25 to 3'6, tail 2'1 to 2 '45, tarsus 1'05 

 to 1'25 inch. 



Hah. Great Britain and Ireland, France, Belgium, Holland, 

 and Central Europe generally. 



31. SUBSP. CINCLUS PYRENAICUS. 



Cinclus pyrenaicus, Dresser, Ibis, 1892, p. 382. 



Ad. (Pyrenees). Differs from C. melanoyaster, in having the wing 

 shorter, the upper parts pale brown, especially the head and neck, and the 

 under parts are paler and browner in tinge. Culmen 0*85, 0'95, wing 3'1 

 to 3-4, tail 2-0, tarsus 1-1 inch. 



Hob. Pyrenees. 



32. SUBSP. CINCLUS MINOR. 



Cinclus minor, Tristram, Ibis, 1870, p. 497 ; Dresser, ix. p. 20. 



Ad. (N. Africa). Eesembles C. pyrenaicus, but is rather more rufous 

 on the under parts, and has a narrow dull rufous band bordering the 

 white. Culmen 0'85, wing 3'2, tail 2'0, tarsus 1-15 inch. 



Hob. Atlas Mountains N. Africa. 



