482 SURNIA NYCTALA 



1/13. At its nesting-place this owl is very bold and daring and 

 will often swoop down on and strike any one who attempts 

 to rob its nest. Its cry much resembles that of the Kestrel. 



686. SUBSP. SURXIA FUXEREA. 



Surnia funerea (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 133 (1766 partim) ; Audub. B. N. 

 Am. pi. 378 ; Newton,!, p. 183 (partim) ; Dresser, v. p. 309, pi. 312 

 Bendire, N. Am. B. i. p. 392, pi. xii. fig. 18 (egg) ; Saunders, p. 305 ; 

 Lilford, i. p. 103, pi. 49 ; Surnia caparoch (P.L.S. Miiller), Nat. Syst. 

 Suppl. i. p. 69 (1766) ; Kidgw. Manual, p. 265. 



c ad. (New Brunswick). Differs from S. ulula in being darker and 

 in having the bars on the under parts broader, darker, and tinged with 

 chestnut. Culmen 1*0, wing 9'0, tail 8'0, tarsus 1*2 inch. 



Hob. Northern North America, straying south in winter to 

 the northern border of the United States ; of accidental 

 occurrence in Great Britain. 



In habits, this Owl does not differ from its European ally, and, 

 like that species, it breeds in hollow trees or on a rotten stump, 

 depositing in April or May 3 to 7 eggs which closely resemble 

 those of S. ulula, and in size average about T55 by 1*23. 



NYCTALA, Brehm, 1828. 



687. TENGMALM'S OWL. 



NYCTALA TENGMALMI 



Nyctala tengmalmi (Gmel.), Syst. Nat, i. p. 291 (1788) ; (Naum.), i. 

 p. 500, Taf. 48, figs. 2, 3 ; (Gould), B. of E. i. pi. 49 ; (id.) B. of 

 Gt. Brit. i. pi. 36 ; (Hewitson), i. p. 66, pi. xix. fig. 2 ; Newton, i. 

 p. 154 ; Dresser, v. p. 319, pi. 313 ; (Audubon), B. of. Am. pi. 380 ; 

 Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ii. p. 284 ; Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 133 ; 

 Saunders, p. 299 ; Lilford, i. p. 89, pi. 43 ; Ridgw. p. 260 ; N. 

 dasypus (Bechst), Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 972 (1805) ; A T . 

 richardsoni (Bp.), Comp. List. p. 7. (1838). 



Chouctte Tengmalm, French ; Rauhfusskauz, German ; Lilla 

 Skovugle, Dan. ; Perlugle, Norweg. ; Perluggla^ Swed. ; Helmipollo, 

 PikJca-pissi, Finn. ; Sytsch-rutschnoi, Russ. 



< ad. (Sweden). Upper parts dark umber brown, on the head spotted 

 and on the rest of the upper parts blotched with white ; tail with five bars 

 of white spots ; facial disk dull white with a dark outer ring ; under parts 

 wliite mottled with reddish brown, the middle of the abdomen nearly 

 white ; legs densely feathered, whitish mottled or speckled with brown ; 



