PANDION PHALACROCORAX 555 



was carried out to sea and drowned. Its call-note is a some- 

 what clear kai, kai, kai, or a harsh krau. It usually nests on 

 trees, occasionally however on rocky islets or old buildings, and 

 in some countries it nests in communities. The nest is a 

 bulky structure of sticks, worked together with turf and roots, 

 and lined with moss, and the eggs, generally 3, sometimes 4, in 

 number, are deposited in April or May. These are richly 

 blotched with dark chestnut-red surface-markings and a few 

 purplish grey shell-spots or blurs, on a dull white, bluish white, 

 or buffy white ground, and vary a good deal in size, but 

 average 2'40 by 176. American eggs run a trifle larger, 

 and are recognizable by their strong musky smell. 



PHALACROCORAX, Brisson, 1760. 



776. CORMORANT. 

 PHALACROCORAX CARBO. 



Phalacrocorax carlo (Linn.), Syst. Nat. i. p. 216 (1766); (Naum.), xi. p. 52, 

 Taf. 279 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 471, pi. cxxx. fig. 2 ; Gould, B. of E. v. 

 pi. 407 ; id. B. of Gt. Brit. v. pi. 52 ; Dresser, vi. p. 151, pi. 388 ; 

 David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 532 ; Audubon, B. Amer. vii. p. 123, 

 pi. 415 ; Eidgway, p. 78 ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 340 ; 

 Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1072 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. 

 p. 340 ; Saunders, p. 361 ; Lilford, vii. p. 1, pi. i. ; P. sinensis 

 (Shaw and Nodder), Nat. Misc. xiii. pi. 529 (1801) ; P. cormor- 

 anus (Meyer and Wolf), Taschenb. ii. p. 576 (1810) ; (Naum.), 

 xi. p. 52, Taf. 279 ; P. carboides, Gould, P.Z.S. 1837, p. 156 ; 

 id. B. of. Austral, vii. pi. 66. 



Grand Cormoran, French ; Corvo marinho, Portug. ; Cuervo 

 marino, Span. ; Cormorano, Ital. ; Kormoran-Scharbe, German ; 

 Aalscholver, Dutch ; Skarv, Aalekraake, Dan. and Norweg. ; 

 Storskarf, Swed ; Skarffa, Lapp. ; Kalakorppa, Haikara, Finn. ; 

 Obiknovennui-Baklan, Russ. ; Agag, Arab. ; Gkarrad, Moor. ; 

 Ghogur, Pan-kowa, Hindu. ; U, Jap. 



$ ad. (Scotland). Chin and sides of the head skirting the bare part at 

 the base of the bill white ; head, neck, and under parts glossy purplish 

 black ; nuchal feathers elongated ; a few hair-like feathers on the neck 

 white ; upper parts bronze-green margined with blackish ; the lower back 

 and rump purplish black ; quills and tail greyish black ; a pure white 

 patch on each thigh ; bill yellowish white at the base, otherwise dusky 

 brown ; gular sac yellow ; bare space round the eye greenish brown ; 

 iris grass-green ; legs and feet black. Culmen 3 '6, gape 4'1, wing 13 '5, 

 tail 7*0, tarsus 2'7 inch. Female similar but smaller, duller in colour with 

 a smaller crest. In the winter the colours are duller and greener and the 

 head and neck are covered with slender white filamentous plumelets. The 



