556 PHALACROCORAX 



young birds are dark brown above, dull white marked with brown below ; 

 bill dark brown above, pale brown below ; iris brown. 



Hal. Europe generally ; Greenland ; Iceland ; Africa south 

 to the Cape Colony ; Asia north to Kamchatka, east to Japan, 

 south to the Malay Peninsula ; Australia ; New Zealand and 

 Chatham Islands. 



Frequents both inland waters and the sea-coasts, but with 

 us at least is most frequently to be met with on salt water. 

 Its flight is direct and swift, though it appears somewhat 

 clumsy in rising from the water, and strikes the water with 

 its feet for some distance before it is fairly on the wing. It 

 swims however with ease and dives even better, and trusts 

 chiefly to its dexterity and speed under water to obtaining its 

 food, for it feeds entirely on fish and is extremely voracious. 

 On land it walks heavily and clumsily. Though naturally shy 

 and wary it is easily tamed., and in China especially is trained 

 to capture fish for its master. 



It breeds on cliffs, rocks, or trees, usually in colonies, and 

 when placed on a tree the nest is constructed of sticks lined 

 with grass or weeds, or if on a rock, of a few sticks and sea- 

 weed. The eggs, usually 4 in number, are laid late in April 

 or in May, and are elongate in shape, bluish white in colour 

 closely incrusted with a layer of chalky substance, and in size 

 average 2'30 by 1'51. 



777. TEMMINCK'S CORMORANT. 

 PHALACROCORAX FILAMENTOSUS. 



Phalacrocorax filamentosus (Temm. and Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, 

 p. 129 (1850) ; Grant, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xxvi. p. 350 ; P. capillatus, 

 (Temm. and Schlegel), Faun. Jap. Aves, pis. 83 and 83B (1850) ; 

 Tacz. F. 0. Sib. 0. p. 1075 ; Seebolim, B. Jap. Emp. p. 209. 

 < ad. (Japan). Differs from P. carlo in having the upper parts 

 greenish bronze margined with dark green, the rest of the plumage oil- 

 green in tinge, the head and neck dark greenish blue ; the white patch 

 bordering the gular pouch mottled with dark greenish black, the head 

 and neck covered with long narrow white feathers. Culmen 2*7, wing 

 12-13, tail 5*8, tarsus 2'5 inch. After the breeding season the white 

 feathers on the head and neck are cast. The young resemble those of 

 P. carlo, but in all plumages this species may be distinguished by the 

 shape of the bare space on the throat. 



Hal>. The coasts of eastern Siberia, Corea, Japan, and China. 



In habits and nidification this species does not appear to 

 differ from P. carlo. 



