UNIVERSITY 



CYGNUS 599 



Cygne, French ; Cysne, Portug. ; Cisne, Span. ; Gigno reale, 

 Ital. ; Hoker Schwan, German ; Zwaan, Dutch ; Knubsvane, 

 Dan. ; Knotsvan, Swed. ; Lebed-chipounn, Russ. 



$ ac?. (Norfolk). Entire plumage pure white, the head and neck 

 frequently tinged with ferruginous ; a large tubercle at the base of the bill, 

 edges of the mandible and orifice of the nostrils black, the beak otherwise 

 orange-red ; legs and feet black ; iris brown. Gape 3'65, wing 27 '0, tail 

 lO'O, tarsus 4'5 inch. Female rather smaller, with a smaller tubercle. The 

 young bird is sooty brownish grey and the bill plumbeous. 



Hob. Southern Sweden, Denmark, South-eastern Europe, 

 Southern and Central Asia east, to Mongolia ; in winter 

 occasionally as far south as Northern India ; a regular winter 

 visitant to North Africa ; in a semi-domesticated state it is 

 found throughout Europe. 



Though tame and familiar when in a semi-domesticated 

 state the Swan, when wild, is extremely shy and wary. It 

 frequents lakes and rivers, and the coasts chiefly in winter. 

 It swims with ease and grace, but is heavy and clumsy on land. 

 Its food consists of soft portions of aquatic plants, aquatic 

 insects and their larvae, to a small extent of fish, but it does 

 not appear to eat fish-spawn, of which it has been accused. 

 In a wild state when calling its young it utters a cry not 

 unlike the barking of a small dog. Its nest is a large structure, 

 usually placed on an islet, and its eggs, 5 to 8 in number, are 

 generally deposited in May, and are greenish grey in colour, 

 rather rough in texture of shell and measure about 4'41 by 

 3*3. It would appear that G. immutabilis is merely a variety 

 of the present species. 



837. WHOOPER SWAN. 

 CYGNUS MUSICUS. 



Cygnus musicus, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. iii. p. 830 

 Taf. 35 (1809) ; Dresser, vi. p. 433, pi. 419, fig. 4 ; Salvadori, Cat. ' 

 B. Br. Mus. xxvii. p. 26 ; Blanf. F. Brit. Ind. Birds, iv. p. 414 ; 

 Saunders, p. 413 ; Lilford, vii. p. 75, pi. 29 ; Cygnus ferns, Leach, 

 Syst. Cat. M. and B. Br. Mus. p. 37 (1816) ; Gould, B. of E. v. 

 pi. 355 ; id. B. of Qt. Brit. v. pi. 9 ; Hewitson, ii. p. 393, pi. cxi. 

 fig. 2 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 493 ; Tacz. F. O. Sib. O . 

 p. 1115 ; C. xanthorhinus, Naum. xi. p. 478, Taf. 296 (1842). 



Cygne Sauvage, French ; Cisne, Span. ; Gigno selvatico, Ital. ; 

 Wildschwan, German ; Wilde Zwaan, Dutch ; Sangsvane, Dan. 



