332 MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS 



smaller than the above, frequently copper-colored; generally with one seed or 

 sometimes more. 



Distribution. Found from Colorado to Western Texas, Arizona, Cali- 

 fornia, and Wyoming. 



Several allied species have been described, among them /. Knightii by 

 Nelson, and another by Sudworth, which occurs in the southwest. 



Juniperus Sabina, L. Savin, Juniper, Swedish Juniper 



A prostrate shrub with appressed leaves in pairs; margin slightly or in- 

 distinctly denticulate; berries on short recurved peduncles; 3-4 lines in diam- 

 eter, 1-3 seeds. It contains the substance sabinol. It is officinal. 



Distribution. Along the Atlantic coast, from Massachusetts westward to 

 New York, Minnesota, Montana, and British Columbia, also in Europe and 

 Asia. 



Poisonous properties. The wood of Red Cedar is extensively used in the 

 manufacture of lead pencils and was formerly also employed in making cigar 

 boxes. The fruit of the common Low Juniper (7. communis) is used for 

 flavoring gin. Red Cedar contains a fragrant volatile oil consisting of cedrol 

 and cedrene. Cases of poisoning from this genus have been reported. 



ANGIOSPERMAE 



Ovules enclosed in an ovary. 



MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 



Embryo with a single cotyledon, first leaves of germinating plantlet alter- 

 nate; stems endogenous, consisting of an outer part, an inner mass of cells 

 the parenchyma, and the bundles distributed through the mass; no distinction 

 into pith, wood, and bark; leaves generally parallel veined, usually alternate 

 and sheathing at the base; flowers generally on the plan of 3. This group 

 of plants includes the palms, grasses, lilies, duckweeds, etc. 



PANDANALES 



Marsh plants, herbs or trees with linear leaves ; flowers in spikes or heads ; 

 perianth of bristles or of chaffy scales; ovary 1, 1-2 celled; endosperm mealy 

 or fleshy. This order includes the Cat-tail (Typha latifolia}, Screw pine 

 (Pandanus) , and the Bur-reed (Sparganium). The ripe fruit of the Pandanus 

 fragrans is used as a relish in the Philippine Islands. 



The Cat-tail is reported as poisonous. It is common across the continent 

 and is found in swamps. 



HELOBIAE 



Aquatic or marsh herbs, leaves various ; flowers perfect, monoecious or 

 dioecious ; perianth present or absent ; stamens 1-numerous ; carpels 1 or more, 

 mostly distinct; endosperm none or little. This order includes the Pond 

 Weeds (Potamogeton}, of which there are many species, which float in the 

 water and often give trouble in ponds of parks; fresh water eel grass (Vallis- 

 neria spiralis), water weed (Elodea canadensis), a troublesome weed in the 

 canals of England and Europe. All of these plants are abundant in our fresh 

 waters and afford food for crustaceans, which in turn are used as food for fish. 



