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winters if protected from the wind and irrigated intelli- 

 gently. Its flowers are the source of the valuable 01. Neroli, 

 which some day perhaps we may turn to account. The 

 fruit is of medium size, smooth, with a thin fragrant rind, 

 and but little rag ; pulp very bitter and acidulous. It is 

 the only proper material for making first-class marmalade, 

 a preserve which is intended to be .a sort of pick-me-up, or 

 incitement to a breakfast appetite. Here it is often made 

 of the common market oranges, and is mawkish to a degree. 

 The function of the pure bitterness is lost. It is as if one 

 should preserve olives in syrup. The great value of the 

 Bigarrade is however as a bearing stock, for which its 

 robust constitution and non-liability to disease specially 

 adapt it. Much has been written on this head, and pro- 

 bably in a few years we shall hear very little of citrus 

 fruits on lemon stocks, except as a history of the past. 



Mandarin or " Naartje." This orange is as distinct a 

 species from the ordinary orange as is the lemon or the lime. 

 It is one of the citrus trees which, like the peach among 

 stone fruits, rises from seed with comparatively less loss 

 of inherited qualities. Seedling Naartjes of good quality 

 are pretty frequent, but it is not advisable to have recourse 

 to growing from seed except for stocks. A fairly long ex- 

 perience of this delightful little tree goes to show that 

 fruiting seedlings are very apt to prove capricious bearers, 

 giving a bouncing crop for one or two years and then next 

 to nothing for the next year. Sometimes they refuse to 

 set their blossoms or even to blossom at all. These dis- 

 abilities do not occur with trees budded from good select 

 kinds. 



The sorts are very imperfectly known by name here. 

 The Emperor Mandarin is decidedly the best of all, both 

 for quality and fruitfulness. The fruit is much flattened, 

 rind deep orange, delicate, fragrant, closely adherent to 

 the segments. What rag exists is close textured instead 

 of being fluffy and loose. The pulp is deep orange in 

 colour, juicy, and at once deliciously sweet and acidulous. 

 The tree is the largest leaved of its kind. The Thorny 

 Mandarin is a variety of the Emperor with a different habit, 

 as its name imports, and a smaller leaf. It is specially 

 hardy and bears freely, but the fruit is small. The quality 

 of the pulp however is not inferior. 



