5o8 THE THORAX AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN 



above the sternal end of the clavicle into the root of the neck. 

 In this area the apex of the lung is in close contact with the 

 parietal pleura, which separates it from the subclavian artery 



(p. 142). 



Surface Relations 

 of the Lungs and 

 Pleural Sacs. The 

 Cervical Pleura can be 

 indicated on the surface 

 by a curved line, with an 

 upward convexity, drawn 

 from the centre of the 

 sterno-clavicular joint to 

 the junction of the sternal 

 and middle thirds of the 

 clavicle. The summit of 

 the convexity should not 

 be more than one inch 

 above the clavicle (Fig. 



The Costo-Medias- 

 tinal Line of Pleural 

 Eeflection is not the 

 same on both sides of 

 the body. On the right 

 side it commences above 

 at the sterno-clavicular 

 joint and passes down- 

 wards and medially to 

 the centre of the manu- 

 brium sterni. From that 

 point it descends vertic- 

 ally, in or near the 

 median plane, to the 

 level of the sixth costal 

 cartilage, where it becomes continuous with the costo-diaphrag- 

 matic line of reflection. On the left side, the line of reflection is 

 similar until the level of the fourth costal cartilage is reached. 

 At that point it deviates laterally to the left border of the 

 sternum down which it descends to the sixth chondro-sternal 

 articulation, where it becomes continuous with the costo- 

 diaphragmatic line of reflection. 



FIG. 151. Surface Relations of Right Lung, 

 Pleural Sac and Liver, from the Lateral 

 Aspect. 



Blue line = the lung and its fissures. 



Dotted blue line = pleural sac. 



Heavy black line = liver. 



