DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 7 



In the case of the higher animals and plants there is no 

 difficulty; the former being 1 at once distinguished by the 

 possession of a nervous system, of motor power which can be 

 voluntarily exercised, and of an internal cavity fitted for the 

 reception and digestion of solid food. The higher plants, on 

 the other hand, possess no nervous system or organs of sense, 

 are incapable of independent locomotion, and are not provided 

 with an internal digestive cavity, their food being wholly 

 fluid or gaseous. These distinctions, however, do not hold 

 good as regards the lower and less highly organised members of 

 the two kingdoms, many animals having no nervous system or 

 internal digestive cavity, whilst many plants possess the 

 power of locomotion ; so that we are compelled to institute a 

 closer comparison in the case of these lower forms of life. 



a. Form. As regards external configuration, of all charac- 

 ters the most obvious, it must be admitted that no absolute 

 distinction can be laid down between plants and animals. 

 Many of our ordinary zoophytes, such as the Hydroid Polypes, 

 the sea-shrubs and corals as, indeed, the name zoophyte 

 implies are so similar in external appearance to plants that 

 they were long described as such. Amongst the Molluscoida, 

 the common sea-mat (Flustra) is invariably regarded by sea- 

 side visitors as a seaweed. Many of the Protozoa are equally 

 like some of the lower plants (Protophyta) ; and even at the 

 present day there are not wanting those who look upon the 

 sponges as belonging to the vegetable kingdom. On the other 

 hand, the embryonic forms, or ' zoospores,' of certain un- 

 doubted plants (such as the Protococcus nivalis, Vaucheria, 

 &c.) are provided with ciliated processes with which they 

 swim about, thus coining so closely to resemble some of the 

 Infusorian animalcules as to have been referred to that divi- 

 sion of the Protozoa. 



1. Internal Structure. Here, again, no line of demarcation 

 can be drawn between the animal and vegetable kingdoms. 

 In this respect all plants and animals are fundamentally 

 similar, being alike composed of molecular, cellular, and fibrous 

 tissues. 



. c. Chemical Composition. Plants, speaking generally, exhibit 

 a preponderance of ternary compounds of carbon, hydrogen, 

 and oxygen such as starch, cellulose, and sugar whilst 

 nitrogeiiised compounds enter more largely into the composi- 

 tion of animals. Still both kingdoms contain identical or 

 representative compounds, though there may be a difference 

 in the proportion of these to one another. Moreover, the 

 most characteristic of all vegetable compounds, viz. cellulose, 

 has been detected in the outer . covering of the sea-squirts, 

 or Ascidian Molluscs ; and the so-called ' glycogen' which is 



