204 YEAR-BOOK OF FACTS. 



man was so groat as represented by Professor Owen, and appealed to 

 the published dissections of Tiedemann and others. From the study 

 of the structure of the brain of the Quadrumana, he maintained that 

 the difference between man and the highest monkey was not so great 

 as between the highest and the lowest monkey. He maintained 

 also, with regard to the limbs, that there was more difference between 

 the toeless monkeys and the gorilla than between the latter and man. 

 He believed that the great feature which distinguished man from 

 the monkey was the gift of speech. 



This subject was resumed another day by a paper "on the Intel- 

 lectual Development of Europe, considered with Reference to the 

 Views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the Progression of Organisms 

 is determined by Law," by Professor Draper, M.D., of New York. 

 The object of this paper was to show that the advancement of man 

 in civilization does not occur accidentally or in a fortuitous manner, 

 but is determined by immutable law. The author introduced his 

 subject by recalling proofs of the dominion of law in the three great 

 lines of the manifestation of life. First, in the successive stages of 

 development of every individual, from the earliest rudiment to ma- 

 turity ; "econdly, in the numberless organic forms now living con- 

 temporaneously with us, and constituting the animal series ; thirdly, 

 in the orderly appearance of that grand succession which in the slow 

 lapse of geological time has emerged, constituting the life of the 

 earth, showing therefrom not only the evidences, but also proofs of 

 the dominion of law over the world of life. In those three lines of 

 life he established that the general principle is, to differentiate in- 

 stinct from automatism, and then to differentiate intelligence from* 

 instinct. In man himself' three distinct instrumental nervous me- 

 chanisms exist, and three distinct modes of life are perceptible, the 

 automatic, the instinctive, the intelligent. They occur in an epochal 

 order, from infancy through childhood to the more perfect state. 

 Such holding good for the individual, it was tlun affirmed that it is 

 physiologically impossible to separate the individual from the race, 

 and that what holds good for the one holds good tor the other too ; 

 and hence that man is the archetype of society, and individual deve- 

 lopment the model of social progress, and that both ate under the 

 Control of immutable law : that a parallel exists between individual 

 and national life in this, that the production, life, and death of an 

 e particle in tin; person, answers to the production, life, and 



h ol I |" i ton in the nation. 

 Turning from these purely physiological considerations to historical 

 proof, and selecting the onlv European nation which thus far has 

 d a complete and completed intellectual life, Profe sso r Draper 

 showed that the oharaoterist i mental development answer 



perfectly to those' of individual life, presenting philosophically live 

 well-marked ages or periods, the first being closed by the opening 

 of Egypt to the [onians; the second, including the Ionian, Pytha- 



ii, and Kleatie philoSOphl! 1, w as ended by t he el it ieisms of the 



Sophi third, embracing the Socratic and Platonic philo- 



ndfld by the doubts of the Sceptics; the fourth, 



