in \KU.\1. STRUCTURK < >l I I IK HODY 19 



ends by which the muscles are fixed are whitish, tough, and 

 fibrous ; these arc tendons. Between the muscles are blood- 

 \t--.-'cls, and delicate white cords, which branch as they pass 

 down the limb. These latter are nerves. The muscles, vessels, 

 and nerves are lightly bound together by a delicate tissue lying 

 between them, and passing from one to the other. This is 

 called connective tissue. 



Strip away the muscles from the bones of the thigh and leg. 

 .The bone of the thigh is connected to those of the leg by 

 means of bands of firm tissues, very like tendons in nature, 

 called ligaments. The ends of these bones, kept in place 

 by the ligaments, fit into each other to form a hinge-like joint. 

 The upper end of the thigh bone is rounded and ball-like, and 

 fits into a socket in the hip bone, and is kept in place in the 

 same way by ligaments. Free the muscles from the vertebral 

 column. The vertebral column, along its whole length, from 

 the skull to the pelvic girdle, is made up of a number of 

 bones, vertebrae, joined one to another by ligaments. To 

 each vertebra in the thoracic region is attached a rib. 



Break across the vertebral column, and you will see the 

 white, soft spinal cord which runs along inside the vertebral 

 column. Separate a single vertebra. It consists of a solid 

 body, with a ring-like arch, on the dorsal side, or side which 

 was towards the back. The bodies of the vertebne lie on one 

 another, and the arches lie on one another, so that when the 

 laiu-r are together they form a canal. In this canal the spinal 

 cord lies. The spinal cord is continuous above with the brain, 

 which is enclosed by the skull. From the brain and spinal 

 cord the nerves going to all parts of the body arise. 



The Cavities of the Trunk and their Organs in Man 



The Walls of the Abdomen. In a man the walls of the 

 abdomen and of the thorax are formed in the same way as in 

 a rabbit, but it will be well to consider more carefully the 

 boundaries of these cavities, and the position of the organs 

 they contain as they are in ourselves. At the top of the 

 abdomen lies the diaphragm, the arched partition separating 

 it from the thorax ; at the back is the vertebral column and 

 muscles of the loins ; in front and at the sides are the sheet- 



