CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. LIVING SUBSTANCE 1 



Living and Non-living ....... 2 



Life and Death. Elemental Death . . . .4 



Chemistry of Protoplasm . . . . . . 8 



Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates .... 10 



Physical Structure of Protoplasm* 14 



Organization of Protoplasm . ' . . . . .17 



The Cell 18 



II. THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISM ... 26 

 Cellular and Non-cellular Organization .... 26 

 Functions of a Free Cell . , . . . .28 

 Locomotion, Ingestion, Digestion, Egestion, Assim- 

 ilation, Irritability, Reproduction ... 29 

 Specialization in Locomotor Organs .... 32 

 Specialization in Conducting Organs .... 39 



Secretion 41 



Specialization in Digestion ...... 42 



Summary ......... 45 



Specialization and Differentiation .... 45 



Tissues, Organs, Systems ..... 46 



Homology and Analogy 47 



III. METABOLISM ......... 48 



Oxidation 48 



Conservation of Energy ...... 50 



Chemical Synthesis in the Organism .... 52 



Photosynthesis 54 



Production of Fats and Proteins . . .55 



Dissimilation ......... 56 



Metabolism in Animals ....... 57 



Foods in General . . . . . . . , 60 



xi 



