LEPIDOPTERA. 145 



bage Butterfly (Pi'eris brass'icce), certain of the scales 

 of the wings are covered with longitudinal rows of 

 very minute dots (fig. 19/), and have little tassel-like 

 bodies at the end. The males may be distinguished 

 from the females by the front wings having no black 

 spots, while those of the females have two upon each 

 wing. When the scales are examined as they exist 

 upon the wings of the Lepidoptera, they are found to 

 be imbricated (PL X. fig. 3) or overlapping each other 

 like the tiles on the roof of a house. 



The Lepidoptera suck the honey of flowers by 

 means of a spiral tongue (PL X. fig. 20 c) or ant'lia 

 (antlia, a sucking-tube) ; this consists of two halves, 

 which represent the maxillae of other insects; and 

 their margins are fringed with little tassel-like bodies, 

 probably organs of taste. The antennae (fig. 20 a) 

 are many-jointed, clubbed at the ends (d) in the 

 butterflies, and simple in the moths. The palpi 

 (fig. 20 b) are short and densely covered with scales. 

 In the large eyes the facets are very distinct and 

 suitable for examination. 



The larvae are well known as caterpillars. They 

 have six legs, as in the perfect insects, but rudimentary 

 and with single claws ; also some additional pairs of 

 pro-legs, as they are called, with a crown of hooks, 

 towards the hind part of the body. The spiracles of 

 caterpillars are very favourable for observation. 



NEUROP'TERA (vevpov, nerve, Trrepbv, wing). This 

 Order contains the Dragon-flies (Libellulidae), the 

 Day-fly (Ephem 1 era] , &c., in which the wings are 

 usually so large and so beautifully netted. The 

 species figured (PL X. fig. 1), which is wingless, is 

 very common in old books and in collections of dried 

 plants. It is whitish, mite-like, with setaceous many- 

 jointed antennae, 3-jointed tarsi, and very broad thighs 

 (femora) . Its name is Apropos pulsator'ius. 



HEMIP'TERA (rj/ucri;?, half, Trrepbv, wing). This 

 Order contains the bugs and other noxious insects. 



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