PREFACE vii 



tion with the worms, and also with the insects, distribu- 

 tion in connection with the birds, perhaps, and so on. 



In appendices there are added some suggestions for 

 the outfitting of the laboratory, and a list of the equip- 

 ment each student should have. Here, also, is appended 

 a list of a few good authoritative reference books which 

 should be accessible to students and to which specific 

 references are made in the course of this book. Some 

 practical directions for the collecting and preserving of 

 specimens are also given. (Suggestions for the obtaining 

 of material for the various laboratory exercises outlined 

 in the book are to be found in "technical notes " in- 

 cluded in the directions for each exercise.) The author 

 believes that the building up of a single school-collection 

 in which all the pupils have a common interest and to 

 which all contribute is to be encouraged rather than the 

 making of separate collections by the pupils. Waste of 

 life is checked by this, and in time, with the contributions 

 of succeeding classes, a really good and effective collec- 

 tion may be built up. The ' ' collecting interest ' ' can 

 be taken advantage of just as well in connection with a 

 school-collection as with individual collections. 



The plates illustrating the dissections have all been 

 drawn originally for the book from actual dissections. 

 Most of the other figures are original, either drawn or 

 photographed directly from nature, or from preserved 

 specimens. Credit is given in each case for figures not 

 original. The drawings for all of the figures of dis- 

 sections and for all original figures not otherwise accred- 

 ited were made by Miss Mary H. Wellman, to whom the 

 author expresses his obligations. The thanks of the 

 author are due to Mr. George Otis Mitchell, San Fran- 

 cisco, who kindly made the photo-micrographs of insect 

 structure from the author's slides; to Professor Mark V. 

 Slingerland, Cornell University, for electros of his photo- 



