212 



ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY 



called water-tigers are also predaceous. They suck the 

 blood from other insects through their sharp-pointed 



sickle-shaped hollow 

 mandibles. When a larva 

 is fully grown it leaves 

 the water, burrows in 

 the ground, and makes a 

 round cell within which it 

 undergoes its transforma- 

 tions. The pupa state 

 lasts about three weeks 

 in summer, but the larvae 

 that transform in autumn 

 remain in the pupa state 

 all winter. 



The June-beetles (June- 

 bugs) (Lachnosterna sp.) 

 feed on the foliage of 

 trees. Their eggs are 

 laid among the roots of 

 grass in little hollow balls 

 of earth, and the fat slug- 

 gish white larvae feed on the grass-roots. They some- 

 times occur in such numbers as to injure seriously lawns 

 and meadows. The larvae live three years (probably) 

 before pupating. They pupate underground in an earthen 

 cell, from which the adult beetle crawls out and flies up 

 to the tree-tops. 



Hymenoptera : the ichneumon flies, ants, wasps, and 

 bees. TECHNICAL NOTE. Obtain specimens of wasps, both 

 social (distinguished by having each wing folded longitudinally) and 

 solitary (wings not folded longitudinally), and if possible of both 

 queens (larger) and workers (smaller) of the social kinds ; of ants 

 both winged (males or females) and wingless (workers) individ- 

 uals ; also of honey-bees, including a queen, drones, and workers, 

 and some brood comb containing eggs, larvae, and pupae. The bee 



FIG. 75. The quince-curculio (a beetle), 

 Conotracheliis cratcegL natural size and 

 enlarged. (Photograph by M. V. 

 Slingerland.) 



