or fluviatile accumulations. A narrow strip on the north, through- 

 out the whole length of the city, is of the same character. North 

 of this, the ground rises with considerable rapidity in a series of 

 elliptic-shaped hills, from 100 to 250 feet above the plain, their longer 

 axes being parallel to the course of the river, here west-north-west. 

 The principal heights are Garngad hill, 252 feet 6 inches ; Necro- 

 polis, 225 feet; Garnethill, 176 feet 7 inches; Blythswood hill, 

 135 feet 3 inches ; Woodlands hill, 153 feet ; Billhead, 157 feet ; 

 Observatory, 179 feet 5 inches ;* Jordanhill, two miles west, 145 

 feet. Some of these were originally a little higher, the tops having 

 been levelled to afford a broader space for the erection of buildings. 

 The elevations give a pleasing variety to the city, and afford striking 

 views of the distant Highland mountains, and the fine amphitheatre 

 of nearer hills, which close in on all sides, except the east, the un- 

 dulating and well-wooded basin, intersected by the lower course ot 

 the Clyde. 



2. Apart from deposits now in progress, the latest formation is that 

 of the estuary and fluviatile accumulations above referred to. These 

 are spread out continuously on both sides of the river, but more 

 widely on the south side, from Butherglen, three miles above 

 Glasgow, to near Erskine, ten miles below it, the former being the 

 upward limit of the tide before it was obstructed by works connected 

 with the improvement of the navigation, the latter the termination 

 of the river in the estuary, and the limit of the ascent of salt water. 

 The deposit consists throughout of laminated beds of sand and loam, 

 with thin courses and streams of gravel and layers of peat. Marine 



fa a} Carboniferous beds; (b b) Till and lower sand beds; (c) river Clyde, (d d) post-pleiocene, or raised beaches,- 

 (ef) estuary deposits of the human period. 



shells have been found sparingly in its middle and lower parts, and 

 a few fresh water species in the upper beds ; but no collection has 

 been formed of these interesting objects, so that we cannot describe 

 the fossil contents more minutely. The deposit has been tranquilly 

 formed throughout, long periods of repose having been but rarely 

 interrupted by floods. Ancient rude canoes have been found in 

 various parts of it, deeply embedded in the sand and loam, one at 



* These heights are given on the authority of Mr. Thomas Kyle, Civil Engineer 



