74 



LONDON DISTRICT. 



vulpes Linn. 



Capra hircus Linn. 

 Capreolus caprea Gray 

 J Castor fiber Linn. 



Cervus elaphus Linn.- 



f giganteus (Blum. } 



Equus caballus Linn. - 

 Felis catus Linn. 

 Lepus timidus Linn. 

 Lutra vulgaris Erxl. - 

 Meles taxus Bodd. -,y ; ,- 



Mustela martes Linn. 

 putorius Linn. - 

 Ovis aries Linn. 

 % Rangifer tarandus (Linn.} 



% Sus scrofa Linn. * ; 



Tursiops tursio (Bonn.} 

 J Ursus arctos Linn. 



Canis familiaris Linn. - Dog. 



lupus Linn. - - Wolf (living in Britain until near 



close of 17th century, and in 

 England until beginning of 14th 

 century). 



- Fox. 



- Goat. 



- Roe Deer. 



Beaver (extinct in Britain in 

 llth or 12th century). 



- Red Deer. 



- Irish Elk. 



- Horse. 



- Wild Cat. 



- Hare. 



- Otter. 



- Badger (living in Ken Woods. 



Hampstead)! 

 Marten. 



- Polecat. 



- Sheep. 



Reindeer (living in Caithness until 

 1159). 



- Wild Boar (extinct in Britain 



about 1620). 



- Dolphin. 



- Brown Bear (living in Britain 



until Saxon or Danish times). 



The domesticated animals include, since Neolithic times, the 

 Keltic short-horned ox, pig, goat, sheep, and dog ; and, since 

 the Bronze period, also the horse, not to mention other species 

 introduced. 



The mollusca of the aUuvial deposits have been dealt with 

 by Mr. A. S. Kennard and Mr. B. B. Woodward, who have 

 recorded the species trom Walthamstow and Dagenham as 

 belonging to early deposits of the Holocene period ; and from 

 Staines, Uxbridge, Westminster and Tooley Street where the 

 deposits are considered to be of much later date. It is noted 

 that Helix aspersa Mull, occurs at London Wall in deposits of the 

 Roman period : it was also found at Walthamstow and Staines. 



With reference to the Dagenham deposit it is remarked that 

 1 there is a total absence of all brackish -water forms, and this, 

 in conjunction with the depth, clearly shows that the deposit 

 was laid down in early Holocene times, when England stretched 

 far out into what is now the North Sea, and the tidal waters 

 were probably miles away.' 1 



Subsequently, the area sank gradually but intermittently, as 

 evidenced by the occurrence of peat-beds, the highest layer being 

 considered to be of Bronze age, and to have been dry land in 

 Roman times. The deposits of tidal clay were spread out, at 

 intervals, when the Thames had become subject, as it now is, 

 to the influx of the tides. In that clay the bivalve shells 



1 Kennard, A. S., and B. B. Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. viii, 1908, 

 p. 96. 



