12 GERMANY IN SCIENCE 



color mauve, also known as Per kin's purple, that the discovery 

 of anilin came to have commercial importance. 



Let us glance at the chemistry of iron and steel. You 

 who are before me know that the great names in this field 

 are not principally those of Germans. Germany has no name 

 to compare with those of Bessemer, Siemens, and Martin, Eng- 

 lishmen, and Mushet, the Frenchman. I pass over the host of 

 great names I might cite in the metallurgy of iron and steel, 

 which bear not upon its chemical but mechanical processes. 



The production of aluminum by electrolytic methods, which 

 has grown to be a great industry had its origin in America. 

 It is indelibly associated with the name of Charles M. Hall, 

 who used often to occupy a pew in the church of which I was 

 the pastor, while with the help of my dear friends, Capt. Al- 

 fred E. Hunt and his partner, Mr. George H. Clapp, he was 

 working out the utilization of his discoveries in a practical way. 



The discovery of carborundum, an abrasive invaluable in 

 the arts, which has almost entirely replaced emery, was made 

 here in Pittsburgh by Edward Goodrich Acheson, whose ex- 

 periments were carried on in a shed, which he always kept 

 locked, and which stood on Fifth Avenue near the site of the 

 present Hotel Schenley. He used electric power which he ob- 

 tained from the lines of the street railway passing the spot. 

 Like Hall he often came to the church at the corner of Belle- 

 field Avenue, but he never told me what he was doing in his 

 shed near by; and I only came to know about it afterwards 

 when the great plant for the manufacture of carborundum was 

 established at Niagara Falls. 



Photography is an art which combines the application of 

 the laws of physics with the results of chemical research. It 

 had its origin in France and is forever linked with the name 

 of Daguerre. 



But I must hasten forward. 



Let us take a passing glance at the science of astronomy, 

 the most ancient of the sciences, the most aristocratic, the most 

 expensive, and the least capable of directly serving the needs 

 of humanity, save as it helps to make us humble and feel our 



